The maras, once regarded as a regular street gang in Los Angeles, have increasingly gained the attention of the media and national authorities due to their rapid expansion across the United States, Mexico, and Central America. Eventually, Central American governments began considering the maras, at least in their political discourses, as a threat to national security and thus started implementing measures to specifically combat them. In Honduras, the government reformed the Penal Code and conducted raids. The Salvadoran authorities, on the other hand, passed a law against the maras that ultimately remained in effect for only a couple of months. In Guatemala, the authorities failed to pass a specific law on the maras, but they still carried out massive raids.

This book provides an explanation to the origin of the maras and their territorial expansion. It analyzes the measures adopted against them in Honduras, Guatemala, and El Salvador, and compares the results obtained in each country. The particular set of events allows the author to study what happens when three countries with similar cultural backgrounds face the same problem in three different ways: How did the authorities enforce the measures in each country? Did the measures have an impact on national crime rates? How did the maras react to the measures? The answers to these questions will provide guidance to policy makers and a reference to researchers.

Introduction

Chapter 1 The Maras, a Symptom of Our Times

1.1 The Origin of the Maras
1.2 The Maras from Within: Joining the Gang - The Vida Loca: The Maras' Activities and Crimes - Leaving the Gang - Structure and Organization
1.3 Summary

Chapter 2 Analysis of the National Situation

2.1 Guatemala: Guatemala's General Indicators - The Maras in Guatemala - Official Measures Implemented - Consequences of the Measures Taken - Summary
2.2 Honduras: Honduras' General Indicators - The Maras in Honduras - Official Measures Implemented - Consequences of the Measures Taken - Summary
2.3 El Salvador: El Salvador's General Indicators - The Maras in El Salvador - Official Measures Implemented - Consequences of the Measures Taken - Summary

Chapter 3 Overarching Analysis

3.1 Regional Factors that Contribute to the Expansion of the Maras
3.2 The Maras in Central America
3.3 Measures Implemented
3.4 Consequences of the Measures Taken: Law Enforcement Agencies - The Reaction of the Maras - Homicide Rate

Chapter 4 Theoretical Analysis

4.1 Punishment and Retaliation
4.2 The Purposes of Criminal Punishment
4.3 Zero Tolerance Policing
4.4 Criminal Law for the Enemy
4.5 The Culture of Control

Chapter 5 Concluding Remarks

References

Introduction

Chapter 1 The Maras, a Symptom of Our Times

1.1 The Origin of the Maras
1.2 The Maras from Within: Joining the Gang - The Vida Loca: The Maras' Activities and Crimes - Leaving the Gang - Structure and Organization
1.3 Summary

Chapter 2 Analysis of the National Situation

2.1 Guatemala: Guatemala's General Indicators - The Maras in Guatemala - Official Measures Implemented - Consequences of the Measures Taken - Summary
2.2 Honduras: Honduras' General Indicators - The Maras in Honduras - Official Measures Implemented - Consequences of the Measures Taken - Summary
2.3 El Salvador: El Salvador's General Indicators - The Maras in El Salvador - Official Measures Implemented - Consequences of the Measures Taken - Summary

Chapter 3 Overarching Analysis

3.1 Regional Factors that Contribute to the Expansion of the Maras
3.2 The Maras in Central America
3.3 Measures Implemented
3.4 Consequences of the Measures Taken: Law Enforcement Agencies - The Reaction of the Maras - Homicide Rate

Chapter 4 Theoretical Analysis

4.1 Punishment and Retaliation
4.2 The Purposes of Criminal Punishment
4.3 Zero Tolerance Policing
4.4 Criminal Law for the Enemy
4.5 The Culture of Control

Chapter 5 Concluding Remarks

References