Is ecological knowledge relevant to environmental policy and if so, to what extent and in what way? After a series of oxygen depletion events in coastal waters in the 1980s, North Sea states acted to reduce inputs of nitrogen and phosphorus to the North Sea. The book analyzes the role of scientists and scientific information, as well as civil servants, in the formulation and implementation of these decisions.

Folkert de Jong (1951) studied biology in Groningen (NL). He has more than 20 years experience with international environmental policy-making in the North Sea area. Since 1990 he has been deputy secretary of the International Wadden Sea Secretariat in Wilhelmshaven (Germany). In this position he was responsible for the coordination of quality assessments of the international Wadden Sea ecosystem and closely involved in the elaboration of North Sea quality status reports.

He now co-ordinates the activities of the trilateral Wadden Sea Forum, a platform of stakeholders from the Wadden Sea region, working on sustainable development perspectives and integrated coastal zone management.

1;Preface and acknowledgements;5 2;Acronyms;7 3;Contents;9 4;1 Introduction: Ecology for policy;13 4.1;1.1 Science for policy;15 4.2;1.2 Science for policy: a myth?;18 4.3;1.3 Matching science and policy;21 4.4;1.4 Aims and structure of the study;23 5;2 The art of discharging;26 5.1;2.1 The sewage problem;27 5.2;2.2 Water pollution research;30 5.3;2.3 The contribution of ecology;31 5.4;2.4 Emerging limits;36 5.5;2.5 Marine pollution and IGOs;39 5.6;2.6 Pollution control;45 5.7;2.7 Summary and conclusions;47 6;3 The discovery of marine eutrophication;51 6.1;3.1 Freshwater Eutrophication;52 6.2;3.2 Marine Eutrophication;57 6.3;3.3 The relative importance of marine eutrophication;84 6.4;3.4 Marine eutrophication and official bodies;89 6.5;3.5 Summary and conclusions;98 7;4 The politics of marine eutrophication;105 7.1;4.1 1981-1985: The assembly of a problem;108 7.2;4.2 1986-1987: Political decision-making;123 7.3;4.3 Recapitulation: marine eutrophication constructed;147 7.4;4.4 1988-1990: Towards the third North Sea Conference;149 7.5;4.5 Summary and conclusions;178 8;5 The management of marine eutrophication;185 8.1;5.1 New knowledge;187 8.2;5.2 New knowledge and the science-policy interface;208 8.3;5.3 Political developments;247 8.4;5.4 Summary and conclusions;257 9;6 Summary, discussion and conclusions;267 9.1;6.1 Marine eutrophication in perspective;268 9.2;6.2 The discrepancy between science and politics;276 9.3;6.3 The future of rational policy-making;288 10;References;299 11;Annex 1;321 12;Annex 2;325 13;Annex 3;331 14;Index;336