1;161216_1_En_BookFrontmatter_OnlinePDF;1 2;161216_1_En_1_Chapter_OnlinePDF;8 2.1;Chapter 1: Microbes in Aerobic and Anaerobic Waste Treatment;8 2.1.1;Introduction;9 2.1.2;The Substrates;9 2.1.2.1;Lignin;9 2.1.2.2;Cellulose;10 2.1.2.3;Hemicelluloses (Xylan, Pectin, Starch);10 2.1.2.4;Microbial Cell Wall Components: Murein and Chitin;11 2.1.3;Aerobic or Anaerobic Degradation: Four-Phase Microbially Driven Processes;11 2.1.3.1;Composting;11 2.1.3.1.1;Mesophilic Phase (25-40°C);12 2.1.3.1.2;Thermophilic Phase (35-65°C);13 2.1.3.1.3;Cooling Phase (Second Mesophilic Phase);14 2.1.3.1.4;Maturation and Curing Phase;14 2.1.3.2;Anaerobic Digestion;15 2.1.3.2.1;Depolymerization - Hydrolysis;16 2.1.3.2.2;Fermentation (Acidogenesis);18 2.1.3.2.3;Acetogenesis;21 2.1.3.2.4;Methanogenesis;22 2.1.4;Application of Molecular Tools for Studying Microbial Community Diversity in Composts and Anaerobic Sludges;23 2.1.5;Carbon and Nutrient Balance;30 2.1.6;Conclusions;31 2.1.7;References;31 3;161216_1_En_2_Chapter_OnlinePDF;42 3.1;Chapter 2: Recent Developments in Bio-Energy Recovery Through Fermentation;42 3.1.1;Introduction;43 3.1.2;Bio-Ethanol Fermentation;44 3.1.3;Methane Fermentation;46 3.1.4;Other Fermentation Products;48 3.1.5;Optimum Fermentation Conditions, Bottlenecks, and Process Control in Microbial Methane Production;48 3.1.5.1;Deficiencies in Methane Fermentation;48 3.1.5.2;Ammonia Inhibition;49 3.1.5.3;Trace Element Supply;50 3.1.5.4;Fermentation Temperature;51 3.1.5.5;Retention Time;51 3.1.6;Benchmarks in Fermenter Performance;52 3.1.7;Monitoring and Control of Fermentations;53 3.1.8;Sustainability of Microbial Energy Transformations;54 3.1.8.1;Process Energy Demand and Greenhouse Gas Emission;54 3.1.8.2;Impacts of Byproducts on the Sustainability of Bio-Energies;55 3.1.8.3;Mass and Energy Balances;56 3.1.8.4;Potential of Microbial Energy Transformations;58 3.1.9;References;59 4;161216_1_En_3_Chapter_OnlinePDF;66 4.1;Chapter 3: Syntrophic Communities in Methane Formation from High Strength Wastewaters;66 4.1.1;Methane;67 4.1.1.1;Sources of Methane;67 4.1.1.2;The Dual Characteristic of Methane;68 4.1.2;Composition of High-Strength Wastewater;68 4.1.3;Methane-Producing Processes;69 4.1.3.1;Methane Reactors;69 4.1.3.2;Factors Influencing Methane Formation;71 4.1.4;Microbiology of Methane Formation from High-Strength Wastewater;72 4.1.4.1;Anaerobic Methanogenic Food Chainanaerobic food chain;72 4.1.4.2;Methanogenic Archaea in High Rate Anaerobic Digesters;73 4.1.4.3;Syntrophic Acetogenic Bacteria;75 4.1.4.3.1;Degradation of Propionate;76 4.1.4.3.2;Degradation of Butyrate and Long Chain Fatty Acids (LCFA);77 4.1.4.3.3;Unusual Syntrophic Conversions;78 4.1.5;Perspectives;79 4.1.6;References;79 5;161216_1_En_4_Chapter_OnlinePDF;85 5.1;Chapter 4: Biogas Technology - Controlled Gas Flow for Enhanced Mixing, Heating, and Desulfurization;85 5.1.1;Historical Developments;86 5.1.1.1;Europe;86 5.1.1.2;Asia;86 5.1.1.3;Numerical Tools and Current Technologies;87 5.1.2;The BIO4GASBIO4GAS-Approach;89 5.1.2.1;The Development of an Idea;89 5.1.2.2;Mixing and Agitation;90 5.1.2.3;Heating;91 5.1.2.4;Hydrogen Sulfide OxidationHydrogen sulfide oxidation;93 5.1.3;Conclusions;95 5.1.4;References;95 6;161216_1_En_5_Chapter_OnlinePDF;98 6.1;Chapter 5: Vermicomposting: Earthworms Enhance the Work of Microbes;98 6.1.1;What Is Vermicomposting?;99 6.1.2;Earthworms;100 6.1.3;Vermicomposting Food Webfood web;101 6.1.4;How Vermicomposting Works;103 6.1.5;Stimulation and Acceleration of Microbial Decomposition by Earthworms during Vermicomposting;105 6.1.6;Effects of Earthworms on Microbial Communities during Vermicomposting;107 6.1.6.1;Effects of Earthworms on the Structure of Microbial Communities;108 6.1.6.1.1;Microbial BiomassMicrobial biomass;108 6.1.6.1.2;Bacterial and Fungal GrowthBacterial and fungal growth;109 6.1.6.2;Effects of Earthworms on the Activity of Microbial Communities;110 6.1.6.3;Effect of Earthworms on Total Coliforms during Vermicomposting;112 6.

'1;161216_1_En_BookFrontmatter_OnlinePDF;1<br />2;161216_1_En_1_Chapter_OnlinePDF;82.1;Chapter 1: Microbes in Aerobic and Anaerobic Waste Treatment;8<br />2.1.1;Introduction;9<br />2.1.2;The Substrates;9<br />2.1.2.1;Lignin;9<br />2.1.2.2;Cellulose;10<br />2.1.2.3;Hemicelluloses (Xylan, Pectin, Starch);10<br />2.1.2.4;Microbial Cell Wall Components: Murein and Chitin;11<br />2.1.3;Aerobic or Anaerobic Degradation: Four-Phase Microbially Driven Processes;11<br />2.1.3.1;Composting;11<br />2.1.3.1.1;Mesophilic Phase (25-40°C);12<br />2.1.3.1.2;Thermophilic Phase (35-65°C);13<br />2.1.3.1.3;Cooling Phase (Second Mesophilic Phase);14<br />2.1.3.1.4;Maturation and Curing Phase;14<br />2.1.3.2;Anaerobic Digestion;15<br />2.1.3.2.1;Depolymerization - Hydrolysis;16<br />2.1.3.2.2;Fermentation (Acidogenesis);18<br />2.1.3.2.3;Acetogenesis;21<br />2.1.3.2.4;Methanogenesis;22<br />2.1.4;Application of Molecular Tools for Studying Microbial Community Diversity in Composts and Anaerobic Sludges;23<br />2.1.5;Carbon and Nutrient Balance;30<br />2.1.6;Conclusions;31<br />2.1.7;References;31<br />3;161216_1_En_2_Chapter_OnlinePDF;42<br />3.1;Chapter 2: Recent Developments in Bio-Energy Recovery Through Fermentation;42<br />3.1.1;Introduction;43<br />3.1.2;Bio-Ethanol Fermentation;44<br />3.1.3;Methane Fermentation;46<br />3.1.4;Other Fermentation Products;48<br />3.1.5;Optimum Fermentation Conditions, Bottlenecks, and Process Control in Microbial Methane Production;48<br />3.1.5.1;Deficiencies in Methane Fermentation;48<br />3.1.5.2;Ammonia Inhibition;49<br />3.1.5.3;Trace Element Supply;50<br />3.1.5.4;Fermentation Temperature;51<br />3.1.5.5;Retention Time;51<br />3.1.6;Benchmarks in Fermenter Performance;52<br />3.1.7;Monitoring and Control of Fermentations;53<br />3.1.8;Sustainability of Microbial Energy Transformations;54<br />3.1.8.1;Process Energy Demand and Greenhouse Gas Emission;54<br />3.1.8.2;Impacts of Byproducts on the Sustainability of Bio-Energies;55<br />3.1.8.3;Mass and Energy Balances;56<br />3.1.8.4;Potential of Microbial Energy Transformations;58<br />3.1.9;References;59<br />4;161216_1_En_3_Chapter_OnlinePDF;66<br />4.1;Chapter 3: Syntrophic Communities in Methane Formation from High Strength Wastewaters;66<br />4.1.1;Methane;67<br />4.1.1.1;Sources of Methane;67<br />4.1.1.2;The Dual Characteristic of Methane;68<br />4.1.2;Composition of High-Strength Wastewater;68<br />4.1.3;Methane-Producing Processes;69<br />4.1.3.1;Methane Reactors;69<br />4.1.3.2;Factors Influencing Methane Formation;71<br />4.1.4;Microbiology of Methane Formation from High-Strength Wastewater;72<br />4.1.4.1;Anaerobic Methanogenic Food Chainanaerobic food chain;72<br />4.1.4.2;Methanogenic Archaea in High Rate Anaerobic Digesters;73<br />4.1.4.3;Syntrophic Acetogenic Bacteria;75<br />4.1.4.3.1;Degradation of Propionate;76<br />4.1.4.3.2;Degradation of Butyrate and Long Chain Fatty Acids (LCFA);77<br />4.1.4.3.3;Unusual Syntrophic Conversions;78<br />4.1.5;Perspectives;79<br />4.1.6;References;79<br />5;161216_1_En_4_Chapter_OnlinePDF;85<br />5.1;Chapter 4: Biogas Technology - Controlled Gas Flow for Enhanced Mixing, Heating, and Desulfurization;85<br />5.1.1;Historical Developments;86<br />5.1.1.1;Europe;86<br />5.1.1.2;Asia;86<br />5.1.1.3;Numerical Tools and Current Technologies;87<br />5.1.2;The BIO4GASBIO4GAS-Approach;89<br />5.1.2.1;The Development of an Idea;89<br />5.1.2.2;Mixing and Agitation;90<br />5.1.2.3;Heating;91<br />5.1.2.4;Hydrogen Sulfide OxidationHydrogen sulfide oxidation;93<br />5.1.3;Conclusions;95<br />5.1.4;References;95<br />6;161216_1_En_5_Chapter_OnlinePDF;98<br />6.1;Chapter 5: Vermicomposting: Earthworms Enhance the Work of Microbes;98<br />6.1.1;What Is Vermicomposting?;99<br />6.1.2;Earthworms;100<br />6.1.3;Vermicomposting Food Webfood web;101<br />6.1.4;How Vermicomposting Works;103<br />6.1.5;Stimulation and Acceleration of Microbial Decomposition by Earthworms during Vermicomposting;105<br />6.1.6;Effects of Earthworms on Microbial Communities during Vermicomposting;107<br />6.1.6.1;Effects of Earthworms on the Structure of Microbial Communities;108<br />6.1.6.1.1;Microbial BiomassMicrobial biomass;108<br />6.1.6.1.2;Bacterial and Fungal GrowthBacterial and fungal growth;109<br />6.1.6.2;Effects of Earthworms on the Activity of Micr