1;Preface to the Second Edition;6 2;Foreword to the First Edition;7 3;Preface to the First Edition;9 4;Contents;11 5;List of Contributors;15 6;General;22 6.1;1 Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery;23 6.1.1;1.1 Goals of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery ( MISS);23 6.1.2;1.2 Access Principles;23 6.1.3;1.3 Preoperative Planning;25 6.1.4;1.4 Positioning of the Patient;26 6.1.5;1.5 Localization of Skin Incision;26 6.1.6;1.6 Surgical Dissection Techniques;26 6.1.7;1.7 Instruments and Implants;26 6.1.8;1.8 Summary;27 6.2;2 Technological Advances of Surgical Microscopes for Spine Surgery;28 6.2.1;2.1 History of the Surgical Microscope;28 6.2.2;2.2 The Surgical Microscope;28 6.2.3;2.3 Advantages;30 6.2.4;2.4 Disadvantages;31 6.2.5;References;31 6.3;3 Spinal Microsurgery;32 6.3.1;3.1 Terminology;32 6.3.2;3.2 Surgical Principle;32 6.3.3;3.3 History;32 6.3.4;3.4 The Surgical Microscope;32 6.3.5;3.5 Advantages;34 6.3.6;3.6 Disadvantages;34 6.3.7;References;35 6.4;4 Microsurgical Instruments;36 6.4.1;4.1 Classification of Instruments;36 6.4.2;4.2 Summary;42 6.4.3;4.3 Comment;42 6.4.4;References;42 6.5;5 Operating Room Setup and Handling of Surgical Microscopes;43 6.5.1;5.1 Introduction;43 6.5.2;5.2 Room and Microscope Setup;43 6.5.3;5.3 Microscope Handling;44 6.5.4;5.4 Transporting the Microscope;45 6.5.5;References;45 6.6;6 Computer-assisted Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery;46 6.6.1;6.1 Introduction;46 6.6.2;6.2 Computer-assisted Orthopaedic Surgery;46 6.6.3;6.3 Minimizing Invasiveness;47 6.6.4;6.4 Further Clinical Applications;50 6.6.5;6.5 Discussion and Conclusion;51 6.6.6;References;51 7;Cervical Spine;54 7.1;7 Technique of Transoral Odontoidectomy;55 7.1.1;7.1 Terminology;55 7.1.2;7.2 Surgical Principle;55 7.1.3;7.3 History;56 7.1.4;7.4 Advantages;56 7.1.5;7.5 Disadvantages;56 7.1.6;7.6 Indications and Contraindications;56 7.1.7;7.7 Patient's Informed Consent;56 7.1.8;7.8 Surgical Technique;56 7.1.9;7.9 Postoperative Care;60 7.1.10;7.10 Hazards and Complications;60 7.1.11;7.11 Conclusions;60 7.1.12;References;60 7.2;8 Microsurgical Treatment of Odontoid Fractures;62 7.2.1;8.1 Terminology ;62 7.2.2;8.2 Surgical Principle;62 7.2.3;8.3 History;63 7.2.4;8.4 Advantages;63 7.2.5;8.5 Disadvantages;64 7.2.6;8.6 Indications;64 7.2.7;8.7 Contraindications;64 7.2.8;8.8 Patient's Informed Consent;65 7.2.9;8.9 Surgical Technique;65 7.2.10;8.10 Postoperative Care and Complications;69 7.2.11;8.11 Results;70 7.2.12;8.12 Critical Evaluations;71 7.2.13;References;71 7.3;9 Microsurgery of the Cervical Spine: The Anterior Approach;74 7.3.1;9.1 Terminology;74 7.3.2;9.2 Surgical Principle;74 7.3.3;9.3 History;75 7.3.4;9.4 Advantages;75 7.3.5;9.5 Disadvantages;75 7.3.6;9.6 Indications;76 7.3.7;9.7 Contraindications;80 7.3.8;9.8 Patient's Informed Consent;80 7.3.9;9.9 Surgical Technique;81 7.3.10;9.10 Postoperative Care;96 7.3.11;9.11 Results;98 7.3.12;9.12 Critical Evaluation;99 7.3.13;References;99 7.4;10 Anterior Cervical Foraminotomy (Microsurgical and Endoscopic);102 7.4.1;10.1 Terminology;102 7.4.2;10.2 Surgical Principle;102 7.4.3;10.3 History;102 7.4.4;10.4 Advantages;103 7.4.5;10.5 Disadvantages;103 7.4.6;10.6 Indications;103 7.4.7;10.7 Contraindications;103 7.4.8;10.8 Patient's Informed Consent;103 7.4.9;10.9 Surgical Technique;103 7.4.10;10.10 Postoperative Care and Complications;109 7.4.11;10.11 Results;109 7.4.12;10.12 Critical Evaluation;109 7.4.13;References;111 7.5;11 Functional Segmental Reconstruction with the Bryan Cervical Disc Prosthesis;112 7.5.1;11.1 Introduction ;112 7.5.2;11.2 Theoretical considerations;112 7.5.3;11.3 History;112 7.5.4;11.4 Structural and Functional Objectives of the Bryan Cervical Disc Prosthesis;114 7.5.5;11.5 Description of the Bryan Cervical Disc Prosthesis;114 7.5.6;11.6 Biocompatibility of the Bryan Cervical Disc Prosthesis;115 7.5.7;11.7 Mechanical Testing of the Bryan Cervical Disc Prosthesis;115 7.5.8;11.8 Animal Testing of the Bryan Cervical Disc Prosthesis;115 7.5.9;11.9 Surgical Technique;115 7.5.10;11.10 Preli