1;Table of Contents;82;1 Internal Mixer - Configuration and Design;142.1;1.1 Machine Design;142.1.1;1.1.1 Overall Features;142.1.2;1.1.2 Mixing Chamber;152.2;1.2 Types of Internal Mixers;162.2.1;1.2.1 Tangential Rotors;162.2.2;1.2.2 Intermeshing Rotors;182.2.3;1.2.3 Technological Comparison;182.2.4;1.2.4 Intermeshing Rotors with Variable Clearance (VIC);202.2.5;1.2.5 Tandem Mixing;212.3;1.3 Feeding Hopper;242.3.1;1.3.1 Design Considerations;242.3.2;1.3.2 Pneumatic Feeding Hopper;252.3.3;1.3.3 Hydraulic Feeding Hopper;262.3.4;1.3.4 Comparative Aspects;272.3.4.1;Low Noise Levels;272.3.4.2;Rapid Ram Movement;272.3.4.3;Precise Ram Force Adjustment;272.3.4.4;Reproducible Process Conditions;282.3.4.5;Reduced Operating Costs;282.4;1.4 Digital Ram Position Control;292.5;1.5 Mixing Chamber;312.5.1;1.5.1 Hard-Coating;322.5.2;1.5.2 Dust Sealing;342.5.3;1.5.3 Spring Loaded Dust Seals;352.5.4;1.5.4 Hydraulic Dust Seals with Yoke;362.5.5;1.5.5 Hydraulic Dust Seals with Cylinders (CH);382.5.6;1.5.6 Comparison of Spring Loaded and Hydraulic Dust Seal Systems;382.6;1.6 Temperature Sensor;392.7;1.7 Plasticizer Oil Injection;422.8;1.8 Rotors;432.8.1;1.8.1 Assembly and Cooling;432.8.2;1.8.2 Rotor Bearings;442.8.3;1.8.3 Rotors for Tangential Internal Mixers;452.8.3.1;Basics;452.8.3.2;Two-Wing Rotors;462.8.3.3;Four-Wing Rotors;462.8.3.4;N-Rotor (Normal Rotor; also Called Standard-Rotor)472.8.3.5;Full-4-Wing (F-4-W)-Rotor;472.8.3.6;ST®-Rotor (Synchronous Technology);482.8.3.7;ZZ 2-Rotor;492.8.3.8;HDSC-Rotor (High Dispersion Super Cooled);502.8.3.9;MDSC-Rotor (Maximum Dispersion Super Cooled) [10];512.8.3.10;Six-Wing Rotor [11];512.8.4;1.8.4 Rotors for Intermeshing Internal Mixers;522.8.4.1;History of Development;522.8.4.2;Interlocking Technology;532.8.4.3;PES-Technology;542.9; 1.9 Mixer Base Plate;562.9.1;1.9.1 Design;562.9.2;1.9.2 Drop Door and Latch Assembly;572.9.3;1.9.3 Drop Door and Toggle;582.10;References;593;2 Processing Aspects of Rubber Mixing;603.1;2.1 Mixing Principles;603.2;2.2 Process Description;633.3;2.3 Influence of Raw Material Properties;683.4;2.4 Influences of Process Parameters ;703.5;2.5 Basic Considerations for the Development of a Mixing Cycle;793.6;References;814;3 Mixing Characteristics of Polymers in an Internal Mixer;844.1;3.1 Natural Rubber (NR);844.2;3.2 Ethylene Propylene Diene Rubber (EPDM);884.3;3.3 Chloroprene Rubber (CR);914.4;3.4 Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR);934.5;3.5 Butadiene Rubber (BR);974.6;3.6 (Acryl)Nitrile Butadiene Rubber NBR;974.7;3.7 Butyl Rubber ;994.8;3.8 Fluor Rubber;994.9;3.9 Resins;1004.10;3.10 General Considerations;1014.11;References;1065;4 Internal Mixer - a Reaction Vessel;1085.1;4.1 The Silica Network;1095.2;4.2 Influence of Mixing Time and Temperature on Hydrophobation;1105.3;4.3 Chemistry of the Silica-Silane Reaction;1125.4;4.4 Temperature Limits;1145.5;4.5 Summary and Consequences;1165.6;References;1176;5 Effect of Process Parameters on Product Properties ;1206.1;5.1 Introduction;1206.1.1;5.1.2 Quality Parameters of Raw Material;1216.1.1.1;5.1.2.1 Quality Parameters of EPDM Polymers;1216.1.1.2;5.1.2.2 Quality Parameters of Carbon Black ;1226.2;5.2 Raw Material Changes in the Rubber Mixing Room;1296.2.1;5.2.1 Increase of Carbon Black Fines Content during the Conveying Process;1306.2.2;5.2.2 Baking Behavior of Carbon Black in Conveying Pipes;1316.3;5.3 Effect of Variations in Raw Material Quality Parameters on the Mixing Process;1346.3.1;5.3.1 EPDM Long Chain Branching;1346.3.2;5.3.2 Carbon Black Fines Content;1376.3.3;5.3.3 Carbon Black Pellet Hardness;1386.4;5.4 Delivery Form of Sulphur;1406.5;5.5 Weighing Accuracy;1426.6;5.6 Predicting Product Quality;1446.7;5.7 The Quality Assurance Concept "Future Mixing Room";1476.8;References for Section 5.1 to 5.7;1526.9;5.8 Rubber Compounding and its Impact on Product Properties;1546.10;5.9 Testing Methods for Rubber Compounds ;1576.10.1;5.9.1 Mooney