1;Preface;5 2;Contents;7 3;List of Editors and Contributors;9 4;1 Oligonucleotides as Radiopharmaceuticals;13 4.1;1.1 Imaging of Oligonucleotides;17 4.2;1.2 Imaging In Vivo Pharmacokinetics and Biodistribution of Oligonucleotides;20 4.3;1.3 Comparative Pharmaco-Imaging of Oligonucleotides;21 4.4;1.4 Evaluation of Delivery Vectors for Oligonucleotides;23 4.5;1.5 Imaging with Oligonucleotides;25 4.6;1.6 Antisense Oligonucleotides for Gene-Related Disease Therapy;26 4.7;1.7 Improving Antisense for In Vivo Applications;27 4.8;1.8 In Vivo Imaging Studies with Antisense Oligonucleotides;28 4.9;1.9 Aptamer Oligonucleotides;30 4.10;1.10 Applications and Therapeutic Aptamers;33 4.11;1.11 Aptamers as Contrast Agents for Diagnosis;34 4.12;1.12 Future Developments Needed for In Vivo Imaging with Oligonucleotides: Mastering the Nonspecific Interactions and Signal-to-Noise Ratio;35 4.13;References;38 5;2 ImagingProtein-Protein Interactions in Whole Cells and Living Animals;47 5.1;2.1 Two-Hybrid Systems;48 5.2;2.2 Protein-Fragment Complementation;49 5.3;2.3 Optimized Luciferase Fragment Complementation;50 5.4;2.4 Conclusions;51 5.5;References;52 6;3 Radiolabeled Peptides in Nuclear Oncology: Influence of Peptide Structure and Labeling Strategy on Pharmacology;54 6.1;3.1 Introduction;54 6.2;3.2 Design of Peptide-Based Radiopharmaceuticals;58 6.3;3.3 Preclinical Characterization of Somatostatin-Based Radiopeptides;69 6.4;3.4 Patient Studies;77 6.5;3.5 Summary and Conclusions;80 6.6;References;80 7;4 Pretarieted Radioimmunotherapy;84 8;5 PET/CT:Combining Function and Morphology;96 8.1;5.1 General Considerations in PET and PET/CT;96 8.2;5.2 PET/CT in Oncology;98 8.3;5.3 PET/CT and Radiation Treatment Planning;104 8.4;5.4 PET/CT in Cardiology;104 8.5;5.5 Conclusions;106 8.6;References;107 9;6 High Relaxivity Contrast Agents for MRI and Molecular Imaging;110 9.1;6.1 Introduction;110 9.2;6.2 Determinants of Relaxivity;114 9.3;6.3 How to Improve Relaxivity?;116 9.4;6.4 Targeting Cells with Gd(III) Chelates;122 9.5;6.5 Concluding Remarks;129 9.6;References;130 10;7 Luminescent Lanthanide Complexes as Sensors and Imaiini Proies;133 10.1;7.1 Introduction and Background;133 10.2;7.2 Mechanistic Approach to Modulation of Luminescence;137 10.3;7.3 Tailoring the Lanthanide Complex for Use "In Cellulo";144 10.4;7.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives;152 10.5;References;153 11;8 Mainetic Resonance Signal Amplification Probes;157 11.1;8.1 Receptor-Mediated Internalization;158 11.2;8.2 Enzyme-Mediated MR Signal Amplification;162 11.3;References;166 12;9 Imaging of Proteases for Tumor Detection and Differentiation;168 12.1;9.1 Introduction;168 12.2;9.2 Light for Molecular Imaging;169 12.3;9.3 Optical Contrast Agents;170 12.4;9.4 Nononcological Imaging;174 12.5;9.5 Potential Clinical Applications;175 12.6;References;177 13;10 Molecular Imaging with Targeted Ultrasound Contrast Microiuiiles;180 13.1;10.1 Introduction;180 13.2;10.2 Microbubble-Based Ultrasound Contrast Agents: General Design and Preparation;182 13.3;10.3 Targeting Ligand Attachment to Microbubbles;185 13.4;10.4 In Vitro Targeting: Binding Studies in Model Systems;189 13.5;10.5 In Vivo Microbubble Targeting: Biodistribution, Nonspecific and Targeted Accumulation and Ultrasound Imaging;192 13.6;10.6 Conclusions;197 13.7;References;198 14;11 Noninvasive Real-Time In Vivo Bioluminescent Imaging of Gene Expression and of Tumor Progression and Metastasis;201 14.1;11.1 General Introduction;202 14.2;11.2 Principles of Bioluminescent Imaging;202 14.3;11.3 Transgenic Luc-Reporter Mice to Study Specific Gene Expression;204 14.4;11.4 Tumor Progression and Bone/Bone Marrow Metastasis of Breast and Prostate Cancer;213 14.5;11.5 Use of Bioluminescent Imaging in Animal Models of Skeletal Metastasis;220 14.6;11.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives;228 14.7;References;228 15;12 Tarieted Optical Imaging and Photodynamic Therapy;236 15.1;12.1 Introduction;236 15.2;12.2 Photosensitizer Localization in Tumors;238 15.