1;Preface;5 2;Contents;8 3;Contributors;10 4;Chapter 1 Soil Microbial Resources and Agricultural Policies;14 4.1;1.1 Introduction;14 4.2;1.2 The Current State of European Agriculture;16 4.3;1.3 The Current Farming Model and Its Consequences;17 4.4;1.4 Alternatives to the Current Agricultural Model;18 4.5;1.5 Eco-Efficient Agriculture;19 4.6;1.6 Current Ethical Challenges;21 4.7;1.7 The Agriculture of the Next Decade;25 4.8;1.8 AMF and Organic Farming;26 4.9;1.9 Conclusions;27 4.10;References;28 5;Chapter 2 Interspecies Altruism in Plant-Microbe Symbioses: Use of Group Selection Models to Resolve the Evolutionary Paradoxes;30 5.1;2.1 Introduction;30 5.2;2.2 Mutualism and Parasitism: Evolutionary Continuum or Discontinuity?;31 5.3;2.3 Legume-Rhizobia Symbioses: Mutualism and Antagonism Together;33 5.4;2.4 Symbiosis and Biological Altruism;36 5.5;2.5 Natural Selection for Interspecies Altruism;38 5.6;2.6 Conclusions;40 5.7;References;41 6;Chapter 3 Dissection of Genetic Cell Programmes Driving Early Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Interactions;45 6.1;3.1 Introduction;45 6.2;3.2 Signal Perception and Recognition Events Prior to Cell Contact;46 6.3;3.3 Symbiotic Partnership Through Early Morphological Integration;49 6.4;3.4 Intersymbiont Compatibility: Getting Around Host Defence Systems?;52 6.5;References;54 7;Chapter 4 Analysis of Mycorrhizal Functioning Using Transcriptomics;58 7.1;4.1 Introduction;58 7.2;4.2 From Identification of Single Genes to Transcriptomics;59 7.3;4.3 Establishment of the Experimental System;63 7.4;4.4 Construction and Analysis of a Subtractive cDNA Library;64 7.5;4.5 Expression of Copper-Binding Proteins;65 7.6;4.6 Concluding Remarks;67 7.7;References;68 8;Chapter 5 Protein Profiling Analyses in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis;72 8.1;5.1 Introduction;72 8.2;5.2 Proteomics in Mature Mycorrhiza;74 8.3;5.3 Proteomics at the Appressorium Stage;77 8.4;5.4 Fungal Proteomics;79 8.5;5.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives;80 8.6;References;81 9;Chapter 6 Coordinated Nutrient Exchange in Arbuscular Mycorrhiza;84 9.1;6.1 Introduction;84 9.2;6.2 Creation of a New Compartment: The Symbiotic Interface;85 9.3;6.3 Phosphate Transport in Arbuscular Mycorrhiza;85 9.4;6.4 Nitrogen Transport;88 9.5;6.5 Carbon Partitioning in Arbuscular Mycorrhiza;90 9.6;6.6 Conclusions;93 9.7;References;94 10;Chapter 7 Deciphering the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Pathway of P Uptake in Non-responsive Plant Species;99 10.1;7.1 Introduction;99 10.2;7.2 The Challenge of P Uptake from Soil and Symbiotic Interfaces;100 10.3;7.3 Diversity in Plant Responses to AM Colonisation;102 10.4;7.4 Radiotracer Studies Enable Measurement of AM Contribution Regardless of Whole Plant Responses;104 10.5;7.5 The Role of P i Transporters in P Uptake by an AM Plant;107 10.6;7.6 Conclusions;112 10.7;References;113 11;Chapter 8 Mechanisms Underlying Heavy Metal Tolerance in Arbuscular Mycorrhizas;117 11.1;8.1 Introduction;117 11.2;8.2 Mycorrhizas and Plant Metal Homeostasis;118 11.3;8.3 Mechanisms of Metal Homeostasis in AM Fungi;119 11.4;8.4 The Mycorrhizal Plant;125 11.5;8.5 Perspectives;125 11.6;References;128 12;Chapter 9 Priming Plant Defence Against Pathogens by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi;133 12.1;9.1 Introduction;133 12.2;9.2 Mycorrhiza-Induced Resistance Against Pathogens;134 12.3;9.3 Effects of AM Symbioses on Phytophagous Insects;135 12.4;9.4 Mechanisms of Mycorrhiza Induced Resistance;135 12.5;9.5 Modulation of Plant Defence Responses in Mycorrhizal Plants;137 12.6;9.6 Priming of Defence Mechanisms in Mycorrhizal Plants;138 12.7;9.7 Signalling Pathways Involved in Mycorrhiza Priming of Defence;140 12.8;9.8 Conclusions;142 12.9;References;142 13;Chapter 10 Reconciliation of Conflicting Phenotypic and rRNA Gene Phylogenies of Fungi in Glomeromycota Based on Underlying Patterns and Processes;146 13.1;10.1 Introduction;147 13.2;10.2 Character Analysis;149 13.3;10.3 Trees and Their Interpretation;151 13.4;10.4 Congruence in the rDNA Phylogeny;158 13.5;10.5 Conclusions;159