1;Preface;6 2;Contents;10 3;Contributors;11 4;Nanoparticles and Biological Environment Interactions;13 4.1;1 Introduction;13 4.2;2 Formation and Composition;14 4.3;3 Evaluating Protein Corona;17 4.3.1;3.1 Experimental Approach;17 4.3.2;3.2 Computational Approach;18 4.4;4 Factors Affecting Protein Corona;19 4.5;5 Impacts of Protein Corona on Nanoparticle Behaviour;20 4.6;6 Opportunities and Challenges;23 4.7;7 Personalized Protein Corona;26 4.8;8 Conclusion;26 4.9;References;27 5;Nanotopographical Control of Cell Assembly into Supracellular Structures;30 5.1;1 Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs) Control the Organization of Cells Within the ECM;30 5.2;2 Nanotechnology, Scaffolds and Artificial Analogues of the ECM;31 5.3;3 Generation of Nano-patterned Surfaces;32 5.3.1;3.1 Generating Rough Surfaces Using Wet Etching Procedures;32 5.3.2;3.2 Generating Nanoporous Surfaces Using Electrochemical Wet Etching;34 5.3.3;3.3 Silver and Gold Nanoparticle Clusters Obtained by Electroless Deposition;35 5.3.4;3.4 Lithography Techniques for the Definition of Periodic Nanostructures;37 5.3.5;3.5 Reactive Ion Etching Techniques for the Fabrication of Super-Hydrophobic, 2 + 1 Dimensional Surfaces;38 5.4;4 Characterization of Nano-Patterned Surfaces;39 5.4.1;4.1 Fractal Dimension of a Surface;39 5.4.2;4.2 Diffusion Limited Aggregation (DLA) of Atoms into Supramolecular Structures;41 5.4.3;4.3 Surface Wettability, Cassie Baxter and Recursive Cassie Baxter;42 5.5;5 Characterization of Cell Networks;44 5.5.1;5.1 Network Analysis and Cell Network Topology;44 5.6;6 Shannon Information Entropy in Cell Networks;46 5.7;7 Cell Adhesion and Proliferation on Nano-patterned Surfaces;48 5.7.1;7.1 Cell Adhesion on Nano-scale Rough Surfaces;48 5.7.2;7.2 Cell Adhesion on Porous Silicon Surfaces;50 5.7.3;7.3 Controlling Cell Adhesion and Proliferation on Fractal Surfaces;50 5.8;8 Measuring CAMs on Nano-patterned Surfaces;51 5.9;9 Cell Networking on Nano-patterned Surfaces;53 5.9.1;9.1 The Topology of Neuronal Networks on Nano-patterned Surfaces;53 5.9.2;9.2 Nano-scale Cues Influence Information Flow in Planar Neuronal Networks;55 5.9.3;9.3 3D Neuronal Networking;56 5.10;10 Possible Physical Reasons for Cell Clustering: Minimization of Energy Density;57 5.10.1;10.1 Free Energy Landscape of Small World Neuronal Networks;57 5.10.2;10.2 Out of Equilibrium Self-assembly;58 5.11;11 The Equivalence Principle in the Self-assembly of Cells;60 5.12;References;61 6;Polymeric Nanoparticulates as Efficient Anticancer Drugs Delivery Systems;65 6.1;1 Introduction;65 6.2;2 Polymeric Nanoparticulate Systems as Platforms for Drug and Gene Delivery;66 6.2.1;2.1 Natural-Based Polymers as Building Blocks of NPs;67 6.2.2;2.2 Synthetic-Based Polymers as Building Blocks of NPs;73 6.3;3 Active Targeting Utilizing Ligand Decorated NPs;76 6.3.1;3.1 Monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs);77 6.3.2;3.2 Folic Acid;79 6.3.3;3.3 Transferrin;80 6.3.4;3.4 Peptide;81 6.3.5;3.5 Saccharides;83 6.3.6;3.6 Aptamers;83 6.4;4 Polymeric Nanoparticles Marketed and Under Clinical Trials;84 6.5;5 Conclusion;85 6.6;References;85 7;Hydroxyapatite for Biomedicine and Drug Delivery;95 7.1;1 Introduction;95 7.2;2 Different Synthesis Methods;98 7.3;3 Applications;99 7.4;4 Tissue Engineering;103 7.5;5 Antibacterial Activity;107 7.6;6 Ions Substitutions;109 7.7;7 Dental Treatment;110 7.8;8 Implant;112 7.9;9 Drug Delivery;113 7.10;10 Conclusion;119 7.11;References;120 8;Nanoparticles for Biosensing;131 8.1;1 Introduction;131 8.2;2 Biosensor Structure;132 8.2.1;2.1 Biosensors Categorization Based on the Type of Analyte;133 8.2.2;2.2 Biosensors Categorization Based on Transformations;134 8.3;3 Biorecognition Elements;134 8.3.1;3.1 Receptors;134 8.3.2;3.2 Enzyme-Based Recognition;134 8.3.3;3.3 Antibody-Based Recognition;135 8.3.4;3.4 Aptamer-Based Recognition;135 8.3.5;3.5 Peptide Nucleic Acid (PNA)-Based Recognition;135 8.3.6;3.6 Molecular Imprint Based Recognition;136 8.3.7;3.7 Lectin-Based Recognition;136 8.4;4 Acoustic Based Biosen