1;Contents;5 2;Abbreviations;11 3;Section I Interface Technology in Critical Care Settings;15 3.1;1: Full Mask Ventilation;16 3.1.1;1.1 Introduction;16 3.1.2;1.2 Total-Face Mask During NPPV;17 3.1.3;1.3 Discussion;18 3.1.4;Key Recommendations;18 3.1.5;References;19 3.2;2: Helmet Continuous Positive Airway Pressure: Theory and Technology;20 3.2.1;2.1 Introduction;20 3.2.2;2.2 Helmet Technology;20 3.2.2.1;2.2.1 Helmet to Deliver Noninvasive CPAP;21 3.2.3;2.3 Limitations of the Technique;22 3.2.3.1;2.3.1 Carbon Dioxide Rebreathing;22 3.2.3.2;2.3.2 Noise;23 3.2.3.3;2.3.3 Pressure Monitoring and Generators;24 3.2.4;Key Recommendations;24 3.2.5;References;25 3.3;3: Helmet Continuous Positive Airway Pressure: Clinical Applications;26 3.3.1;3.1 Introduction;26 3.3.1.1;3.1.1 Acute Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema;27 3.3.1.2;3.1.2 Acute Noncardiogenic Respiratory Failure;27 3.3.2;3.2 Experience with Helmet CPAP at Our Institution;29 3.3.3;3.3 Conclusion;30 3.3.4;Key Recommendations;30 3.3.5;References;31 4;Section II Ventilatory Modes and Ventilators: Theory, Technology, and Equipment;32 4.1;4: Pressure Support Ventilation;33 4.1.1;4.1 Introduction;33 4.1.2;4.2 Mechanisms of Action;34 4.1.3;4.3 Patient-Ventilator Interaction;35 4.1.4;4.4 Conclusions;37 4.1.5;Key Recommendations;38 4.1.6;References;38 4.2;5: Ventilators for Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation;39 4.2.1;5.1 Introduction;39 4.2.2;5.2 Classification of Ventilators;40 4.2.3;5.3 Technologic Issues;42 4.2.3.1;5.3.1 Source of Gas and Oxygen Supply;42 4.2.3.2;5.3.2Circuit;42 4.2.3.3;5.3.3 Inspiratory Trigger and Expiratory Cycle;44 4.2.3.4;5.3.4 Inspiratory Flow;45 4.2.3.5;5.3.5 Backup Respiratory Rate;45 4.2.3.6;5.3.6 Air Leak Compensation;46 4.2.3.7;5.3.7 Battery;47 4.2.3.8;5.3.8 Alarm and Monitoring System;47 4.2.4;5.4 Controversial Issues;48 4.2.5;Key Recommendations;49 4.2.6;References;49 4.3;6: Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation Using Continuous Positive Airway Pressure;51 4.3.1;6.1 Introduction;51 4.3.2;6.2 Equipments;51 4.3.2.1;6.2.1 Continuous Positive Pressure Flow Generators;51 4.3.2.2;6.2.2 Intensive Care Unit Ventilators (High-Pressure-Driven Ventilators);52 4.3.2.3;6.2.3 Ventilators Designed to Administer Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation;52 4.3.2.4;6.2.4 Boussignac CPAP;53 4.3.2.5;6.2.5 Bubble CPAP;53 4.3.3;6.3 Discussion;54 4.3.4;Key Recommendations;54 4.3.5;References;54 4.4;7: Home Mechanical Ventilators;56 4.4.1;7.1 Introduction;56 4.4.2;7.2 Technology and Equipment;56 4.4.2.1;7.2.1 Ventilators;56 4.4.2.2;7.2.2 Mechanical Ventilation Modes;57 4.4.2.2.1;7.2.2.1 Initiation of Positive Pressure;57 4.4.2.2.2;7.2.2.2 Gas Delivery by the Ventilator During Inspiration;58 4.4.2.2.3;7.2.2.3 Cycling Off Variable;59 4.4.2.3;7.2.3 Interfaces for the Delivery of Noninvasive Ventilation;59 4.4.2.3.1;7.2.3.1 Nasal Interfaces;59 4.4.2.3.2;7.2.3.2 Oronasal Interfaces;59 4.4.2.3.3;7.2.3.3 Mouth Interfaces;59 4.4.2.4;7.2.4 Humidification;60 4.4.2.5;7.2.5 Safety;60 4.4.3;7.3 Conclusion;60 4.4.4;References;60 4.5;8: Maintenance Protocol for Home Ventilation Circuits;62 4.5.1;8.1 Introduction;62 4.5.2;8.2 Equipment for Home Mechanical Ventilation;62 4.5.2.1;8.2.1 Dirtiness, Contamination, Colonization;63 4.5.2.2;8.2.2 Maintenance Is Empirically Driven;63 4.5.2.3;8.2.3 A European Survey on Maintenance;63 4.5.2.4;8.2.4 Patients Do Not Clean Their Equipment;64 4.5.2.5;8.2.5 Sensitivity to Infections;64 4.5.3;8.3 Analysis and Discussion;64 4.5.3.1;8.3.1 Restrictive Disorders;64 4.5.3.2;8.3.2 Obstructive Disorders;65 4.5.4;Key Recommendations;68 4.5.5;References;68 4.6;9: Nocturnal Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation;69 4.6.1;9.1 Introduction;69 4.6.2;9.2 Effect of Nocturnal Mechanical Ventilation;70 4.6.3;9.3 Equipment Requirements for Nocturnal Ventilation;71 4.6.3.1;9.3.1 Type of Ventilator;71 4.6.3.2;9.3.2 Modes of Ventilation;72 4.6.3.3;9.3.3 Type of Interface;72 4.6.4;9.4 Conclusion;73 4.6.5;Key Recommendations;73 4.6.6;References;73 5;Section III Patient-Ventilator Inte