1;Preface;52;List of contributing authors;73;Table of Contents;114;Introduction to Volume 2: Kallikrein-related Peptidases. Novel Cancer-related Biomarkers;174.1;Bibliography;185;1 Pathophysiology of Kallikrein-related Peptidases in Lung Cancer;195.1;1.1 Introduction;195.2;1.2 Expression pattern of KLKs in the normal lung;195.3;1.3 KLKs in lung cancer;225.4;1.4 Regulation of KLKs in the lung;245.4.1;1.4.1 Control of gene transcription;245.4.2;1.4.2 Post-translational control of KLK function;265.5;1.5 Potential KLK targets in the lung;275.5.1;1.5.1 Substrates involved in host defense;275.5.2;1.5.2 Cytokines and growth factors;295.5.3;1.5.3 Pericellular and membrane-associated substrates;325.6;1.6 Conclusion;345.7;Acknowledgements;355.8;Bibliography;356;2 Clinical Relevance of Kallikrein-related Peptidases in Gastric and Colorectal Cancer;436.1;2.1 Introduction;436.2;2.2 Features of gastric and colorectal cancers;436.3;2.3 Established biomarkers in gastric and colorectal cancer;446.4;2.4 KLKs: novel biomarkers in gastric and colorectal cancer;466.4.1;2.4.1 Review of the clinical relevance of KLK expression in gastric cancer;476.4.2;2.4.2 Review of the clinical relevance of KLK expression in colorectal cancer;516.5;2.5 Proteolytic activity of KLKs in gastric/colorectal cancers;546.6;2.6 Effect of KLK expression on cell regulation and metabolic pathways;556.7;2.7 Conclusion;566.8;Bibliography;567;3 Pathophysiology of Kallikrein-related Peptidases in Head and Neck Cancer;617.1;3.1 Introduction;617.2;3.2 A murine orthotopic xenograft model using urinary-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) overexpressing OSCC cells mimics aggressive human OSCC;637.3;3.3 Expression of KLKs in OSCC;657.4;3.4 Potential functional role of KLK5 in regulating cell-cell junctional integrity in OSCC;667.5;3.5 Conclusions and future directions;707.6;Acknowledgement;717.7;Bibliography;718;4 PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen) and other Kallikrein-related Peptidases in Prostate Cancer;778.1;4.1 Introduction;778.2;4.2 The role of KLKs in prostate cancer diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring;778.2.1;4.2.1 PSA;778.2.2;4.2.2 KLK2;818.2.3;4.2.3 Other KLKs;818.2.4;4.2.4 Splicing and polymorphic variants;828.3;4.3 Potential functional roles of KLKs in prostate cancer;828.3.1;4.3.1 Sustaining proliferative signaling and evading growth suppressors;838.3.2;4.3.2 Resisting cell death;858.3.3;4.3.3 Inducing angiogenesis;858.3.4;4.3.4 Activating invasion and metastasis;878.3.5;4.3.5 Concerns about biological studies;888.4;4.4 Conclusions and outlook;888.5;Bibliography;899;5 Cellular Model Systems to Study the Tumor Biological Role of Kallikrein-related Peptidases in Ovarian and Prostate Cancer;999.1;5.1 Introduction;999.2;5.2 Development of cellular model systems in cancer research;999.3;5.3 Traditional 3D cellular models commonly used in both ovarian and prostate cancers;1009.3.1;5.3.1 Soft agar colony assay;1009.3.2;5.3.2 3D-Matrigel(TM);1019.4;5.4 Novel 3D cellular models in ovarian cancer biology;1029.4.1;5.4.1 Ovarian cancer;1029.4.2;5.4.2 3D-suspension model to mimic ascites suspension;1029.4.3;5.4.3 In vitro models for ovarian cancer invasion into the peritoneal membrane;1069.4.4;5.4.4 The role of 3D-collagen I matrix in ovarian cancer cell behavior;1089.4.5;5.4.5 A 3D-organotypic model to mimic ovarian cancer metastasis;1089.4.6;5.4.6 Bioengineered 3D culture systems for ovarian cancer;1099.5;5.5 Cellular models in prostate cancer;1119.5.1;5.5.1 Prostate cancer;1119.5.2;5.5.2 3D-suspension models for prostate cancer growth and metastasis;1139.5.3;5.5.3 In vitro models for prostate cancer angiogenesis;1149.5.4;5.5.4 Bioengineered 3D culture systems for prostate cancer growth and metastasis;1149.6;5.6 Challenges and future direction;1189.7;Acknowledgment;1189.8;Bibliography;11910;6 Clinical Relevance of Kallikrein-related Peptidases in Breast Cancer;12710.1;6.1 Introduction;12710.2;6.2 Expres