1;Preface;5 2;List of contributing authors;7 3;Table of Contents;11 4;Introduction to Volume 2: Kallikrein-related Peptidases. Novel Cancer-related Biomarkers;17 4.1;Bibliography;18 5;1 Pathophysiology of Kallikrein-related Peptidases in Lung Cancer;19 5.1;1.1 Introduction;19 5.2;1.2 Expression pattern of KLKs in the normal lung;19 5.3;1.3 KLKs in lung cancer;22 5.4;1.4 Regulation of KLKs in the lung;24 5.4.1;1.4.1 Control of gene transcription;24 5.4.2;1.4.2 Post-translational control of KLK function;26 5.5;1.5 Potential KLK targets in the lung;27 5.5.1;1.5.1 Substrates involved in host defense;27 5.5.2;1.5.2 Cytokines and growth factors;29 5.5.3;1.5.3 Pericellular and membrane-associated substrates;32 5.6;1.6 Conclusion;34 5.7;Acknowledgements;35 5.8;Bibliography;35 6;2 Clinical Relevance of Kallikrein-related Peptidases in Gastric and Colorectal Cancer;43 6.1;2.1 Introduction;43 6.2;2.2 Features of gastric and colorectal cancers;43 6.3;2.3 Established biomarkers in gastric and colorectal cancer;44 6.4;2.4 KLKs: novel biomarkers in gastric and colorectal cancer;46 6.4.1;2.4.1 Review of the clinical relevance of KLK expression in gastric cancer;47 6.4.2;2.4.2 Review of the clinical relevance of KLK expression in colorectal cancer;51 6.5;2.5 Proteolytic activity of KLKs in gastric/colorectal cancers;54 6.6;2.6 Effect of KLK expression on cell regulation and metabolic pathways;55 6.7;2.7 Conclusion;56 6.8;Bibliography;56 7;3 Pathophysiology of Kallikrein-related Peptidases in Head and Neck Cancer;61 7.1;3.1 Introduction;61 7.2;3.2 A murine orthotopic xenograft model using urinary-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) overexpressing OSCC cells mimics aggressive human OSCC;63 7.3;3.3 Expression of KLKs in OSCC;65 7.4;3.4 Potential functional role of KLK5 in regulating cell-cell junctional integrity in OSCC;66 7.5;3.5 Conclusions and future directions;70 7.6;Acknowledgement;71 7.7;Bibliography;71 8;4 PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen) and other Kallikrein-related Peptidases in Prostate Cancer;77 8.1;4.1 Introduction;77 8.2;4.2 The role of KLKs in prostate cancer diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring;77 8.2.1;4.2.1 PSA;77 8.2.2;4.2.2 KLK2;81 8.2.3;4.2.3 Other KLKs;81 8.2.4;4.2.4 Splicing and polymorphic variants;82 8.3;4.3 Potential functional roles of KLKs in prostate cancer;82 8.3.1;4.3.1 Sustaining proliferative signaling and evading growth suppressors;83 8.3.2;4.3.2 Resisting cell death;85 8.3.3;4.3.3 Inducing angiogenesis;85 8.3.4;4.3.4 Activating invasion and metastasis;87 8.3.5;4.3.5 Concerns about biological studies;88 8.4;4.4 Conclusions and outlook;88 8.5;Bibliography;89 9;5 Cellular Model Systems to Study the Tumor Biological Role of Kallikrein-related Peptidases in Ovarian and Prostate Cancer;99 9.1;5.1 Introduction;99 9.2;5.2 Development of cellular model systems in cancer research;99 9.3;5.3 Traditional 3D cellular models commonly used in both ovarian and prostate cancers;100 9.3.1;5.3.1 Soft agar colony assay;100 9.3.2;5.3.2 3D-Matrigel(TM);101 9.4;5.4 Novel 3D cellular models in ovarian cancer biology;102 9.4.1;5.4.1 Ovarian cancer;102 9.4.2;5.4.2 3D-suspension model to mimic ascites suspension;102 9.4.3;5.4.3 In vitro models for ovarian cancer invasion into the peritoneal membrane;106 9.4.4;5.4.4 The role of 3D-collagen I matrix in ovarian cancer cell behavior;108 9.4.5;5.4.5 A 3D-organotypic model to mimic ovarian cancer metastasis;108 9.4.6;5.4.6 Bioengineered 3D culture systems for ovarian cancer;109 9.5;5.5 Cellular models in prostate cancer;111 9.5.1;5.5.1 Prostate cancer;111 9.5.2;5.5.2 3D-suspension models for prostate cancer growth and metastasis;113 9.5.3;5.5.3 In vitro models for prostate cancer angiogenesis;114 9.5.4;5.5.4 Bioengineered 3D culture systems for prostate cancer growth and metastasis;114 9.6;5.6 Challenges and future direction;118 9.7;Acknowledgment;118 9.8;Bibliography;119 10;6 Clinical Relevance of Kallikrein-related Peptidases in Breast Cancer;127 10.1;6.1 Introduction;127 10.2;6.2 Expres