1;Foreword;6 2;Preface;7 3;Contents;8 4;Contributors;14 5;Neurological Assessment of the Neonate, Infant, Child, and Adolescent;16 5.1;Introduction;16 5.2;Developmental Assessment: Growth and Developmental Tasks by Age;17 5.3;Developmental Assessment Tools;28 5.4;Hands- On Neurological Assessment;28 5.5;Conclusion;39 6;Hydrocephalus;44 6.1;Introduction;44 6.2;History of Hydrocephalus;44 6.3;Incidence of Hydrocephalus;45 6.4;Prognosis;45 6.5;Classifications of Types of Hydrocephalus;45 6.6;Pathophysiology of Hydrocephalus;47 6.7;Signs and Symptoms of Hydrocephalus;54 6.8;Diagnosis of Hydrocephalus by Imaging Studies;56 6.9;Treatment of Hydrocephalus;58 6.10;Complications of Shunts and Treatment;65 6.11;Pseudotumor Cerebri in the Pediatric Population;71 6.12;Nursing Care of the Hydrocephalus Patient after Surgery;72 6.13;Living with Hydrocephalus;77 6.14;Conclusion;80 7;Craniosynostosis;82 7.1;Introduction;82 7.2;Nonsyndromic Craniosynostosis;83 7.3;Syndromic Craniosynostosis;91 7.4;Treatment for Craniosynostosis;96 7.5;Conclusion;102 8;Neural Tube Defects;106 8.1;Introduction;106 8.2;Etiology;106 8.3;Epidemiology;107 8.4;Pathophysiology;107 8.5;Myelomeningocele ( Open Defect);108 8.6;Spina Bifida Occulta ( Closed Defect);116 8.7;Nursing Considerations;120 8.8;Diagnostic Studiesfor Neural Tube Defects;121 8.9;Conclusion ;121 9;Chiari Malformation and Syringomyelia;124 9.1;Introduction;124 9.2;Presentation;126 9.3;Diagnostic Tests;128 9.4;Treatment Options for CIM;129 9.5;Treatment Options for CIIM;130 9.6;Treatment Options for Syringomyelia;130 9.7;Patient and Family Education;131 9.8;Conclusions;132 10;Tumors of the Central Nervous System;134 10.1;Introduction;134 10.2;Etiology;134 10.3;Nervous System Anatomy;135 10.4;Diagnosis;136 10.5;Treatment;140 10.6;Types of Tumors;145 10.7;Nursing Care: Overview;154 10.8;Late Effects of CNS Tumors and Treatment;158 10.9;Conclusion;160 11;Traumatic Brain Injury;164 11.1;Epidemiology;164 11.2;Pediatric Anatomy and Physiology in Head Trauma;164 11.3;Initial Evaluation and Resuscitation;165 11.4;Neurologic Assessment and Deterioration in Pediatric Head Trauma;166 11.5;Cranial Nerve Evaluation;168 11.6;Radiographic Imaging in Pediatric Head Trauma;173 11.7;Types of TBI;173 11.8;Concepts of Cerebral Physiology;189 11.9;Pathophysiology of Intracranial Hypertension;190 11.10;Collaborative Management of Intracranial Hypertension;193 11.11;Endocrine Complications;198 11.12;Postoperative Nursing Care and Complications;199 11.13;Outcomes;202 11.14;Prevention Efforts;202 12;Spine;206 12.1;The Pediatric Spinal Column;206 12.2;Traumatic Spinal Cord Injuries;207 12.3;Nursing Care;215 12.4;Summary;217 12.5;Congenital Spinal Cord Disorders;217 12.6;Outcomes;221 12.7;Summary;223 13;Neurovascular Disease;226 13.1;Introduction;226 13.2;Cerebral Blood Supply;226 13.3;Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformations;229 13.4;Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformation in Children;232 13.5;Cerebral Arteriovenous Fistulas (AVFs) in Children;236 13.6;Intracranial Aneurysms;238 13.7;Venous Angiomas ( Developmental Venous Anomaly);242 13.8;Capillary Angiomas and Telangiectasia;243 13.9;Cavernous Malformations;243 13.10;Moyamoya Syndrome;246 13.11;Nursing Care for Vascular Brain Lesions;248 13.12;Spinal Arteriovenous Malformations;250 13.13;Cavernous Malformations and Arteriovenous Fistulas of the Spine;252 13.14;Conclusions;254 13.15;Appendix 9.1;254 14;Surgical Management of Epilepsy;258 14.1;Introduction;258 14.2;Preoperative Preparation;259 14.3;Seizure Surgery;262 14.4;Vagal Nerve Stimulator;265 14.5;Conclusion;266 15;Surgical Management of Spasticity;268 15.1;Pathophysiology of Spasticity;268 15.2;Baclofen;269 15.3;Rhizotomy;275 16;Infections of the Central Nervous System;278 16.1;Brain Abscess, Epidural Abscess, Subdural Empyema;278 16.2;Neurocysticercosis;282 16.3;Shunt Infections;284 16.4;Postoperative Infections;286 17;Subject Index;290