1;Preface;5 1.1;Motivation for this Book;5 1.2;Target Audience;7 1.3;Accessing and Using OntoCAPE;8 1.4;About the Authors;9 1.5;Acknowledgements;10 2;Contents;13 3;Introduction;19 3.1;The Need of Knowledge-Based Systems;19 3.2;The Role of Ontologies;22 3.3;The Reusability-Usability Trade-off Problem;23 3.4;Objective and Outline of the Book;25 3.5;References;27 4;Scientific Background;29 4.1;Ontology in Philosophy;29 4.2;Ontology in Computer Science;30 4.3;Representation of Formal Ontologies;32 4.4;Informal and Formal Specification of an Ontology;38 4.5;What an Ontology Is and Isn't;40 4.6;Classification of Ontologies;42 4.7;Summary;46 4.8;References;47 5;Overview on OntoCAPE;52 5.1;Overview and Structure;52 5.2;Representation and Dissemination;57 5.3;The Meta Model;58 5.4;The Upper Layer;61 5.5;The Conceptual Layer;63 5.6;The Application Layers;68 5.7;References;70 6;Meta Model;74 6.1;Introduction;74 6.2;Fundamental Concepts;78 6.3;Mereology;87 6.4;Topology;94 6.5;Data Structures;106 6.6;References;122 7;Upper Level;126 7.1;System;127 7.2;Network System;153 7.3;Technical System;158 7.4;Coordinate System;168 7.5;Tensor Quantity;170 7.6;References;176 8;Supporting Concepts;180 8.1;Mathematical Relation;180 8.2;Physical Dimension (Partial Model);187 8.3;SI Unit (Partial Model);192 8.4;Space and Time;196 8.5;Geometry;202 8.6;References;210 9;Material;212 9.1;Material (Partial model);212 9.2;Substance (Partial Model);215 9.3;Phase System;243 9.4;References;256 10;Chemical Process Systems;258 10.1;Chemical Process System (Partial Model);258 10.2;CPS Function;263 10.3;CPS Realization;279 10.4;Plant Equipment;291 10.5;Process Control Equipment;293 10.6;CPS Behavior;295 10.7;CPS Performance;321 10.8;Process Units;330 10.9;References;336 11;Mathematical Models;339 11.1;Mathematical Model (Ontology module);340 11.2;Equation System;347 11.3;Numerical Solution Strategy;352 11.4;Cost Model;356 11.5;Process Model;358 11.6;Laws;361 11.7;Property Models;364 11.8;Process Unit Models;366 11.9;References;367 12;Design Principles of OntoCAPE;369 12.1;Coherence;369 12.2;Conciseness;371 12.3;Intelligibility;373 12.4;Adaptability;377 12.5;Minimal Ontological Commitment;380 12.6;Efficiency;380 12.7;Conclusions;382 12.8;References;382 13;Related Work on Ontologies for Engineering Applications;385 13.1;History of OntoCAPE;385 13.2;Work by Other Research Groups;390 13.3;References;399 14;Evolutionary Improvement and Validation through Applications;407 14.1;Process Modeling;408 14.2;Knowledge Management in Engineering Design;413 14.3;Integration of Design Information;421 14.4;Some Measures of Improvement;428 14.5;References;432 15;Conclusions;440 15.1;OntoCAPE in a Nutshell;440 15.2;Design Rationale;441 15.3;Ontology Evolution by a Continuous Improvement Process;442 15.4;From Product to Process;443 15.5;Semantic Technologies in Engineering - Dream or Reality?;445 15.6;References;447 16;Bibliography;449 17;Index;478 18;Index of Concept Descriptions;485