Understand the future of optical imaging with this cutting-edge guide

Optoelectronic devices for imaging and sensing are among the backbones of modern technology. Facilitating the mutual conversion of optical and electrical signals, they have applications from telecommunications to molecular spectroscopy, and their incorporation into photon-involved technologies is only growing. The rapid development of this field makes the need for a fully up-to-date introduction all the more critical.

Optical Imaging and Sensing meets this need with a comprehensive guide to the novel materials and devices employed in optical imaging and sensing. Given the current revolution in new imaging materials, an introduction that fully incorporates the latest research is an indispensable tool for scientists and engineers in a huge range of fields. The technologies surveyed here promise to transform public security, 5G and next-generation wireless communication, clinical imaging, and many more.

Optical Imaging and Sensing Readers will also find:

• Detailed discussion of materials including semimetallic graphene, semiconducting black phosphorous, and many more
• Discussion of devices from infrared photodetectors to nonlinear interferometers
• A thorough look forward to the future of the field

Optical Imaging and Sensing is a useful reference for materials scientists, spectroscopists, semiconductor physicists, and engineers working in any field or industry involving optical imaging or sensing technology.

Preface ix

1 Introduction of Optical Imaging and Sensing: Materials, Devices, and Applications 1
Qimiao Chen, Hao Xu, and Chuan S. Tan

1.1 Optoelectronic Material Systems 1

1.1.1 Si Platform 1

1.1.2 Two-dimensional Materials and Their van der Waals Heterostructures 3

1.1.2.1 Graphene 3

1.1.2.2 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides 4

1.1.2.3 2D Heterostructures 5

1.2 Challenges and Prospect of Nano-optoelectronic Devices 5

1.2.1 III-V Compounds 6

1.2.2 Perovskites 7

1.2.3 Organic Optoelectronic Materials 7

References 8

2 2D Material-Based Photodetectors for Imaging 11
Wenshuo Xu, Zhuo Wang, and Andrew T. S. Wee

2.1 Introduction 11

2.2 Visible-Light Photodetectors 15

2.3 Infrared Photodetectors 21

2.4 Broadband Photodetectors 26

2.5 Plasmon-Enhanced Photodetectors 36

2.6 Large-Scale and Flexible Photodetectors 44

2.7 Summary 49

References 50

3 Surface Plasmonic Resonance-Enhanced Infrared Photodetectors 55
Boyang Xiang, Guiru Gu, and Xuejun Lu

3.1 Introduction 55

3.2 Brief Review of Basic Concepts of SPR and SPR Structures 56

3.2.1 Plasma Oscillations in Metals 56

3.2.2 Complex Permittivity and the Drude Model 56

3.2.3 Surface Plasmonic Waves at the Semi-infinite Dielectric and Metal Interface 57

3.2.4 Prism-Coupled Surface Plasmonic Wave Excitation 59

3.2.5 Surface Grating-Coupled Surface Plasmonic Wave Excitation 60

3.3 Surface Plasmonic Wave-Enhanced QDIPs 61

3.3.1 Two-Dimensional Metallic Hole Array (2DSHA)-Induced Surface Plasmonic Waves 61

3.3.2 2DSHA Surface Plasmonic Structure-Enhanced QDIP 64

3.4 Localized Surface Plasmonic Wave-Enhanced QDIPs 68

3.4.1 Localized Surface Plasmonic Waves 68

3.4.2 Near-Field Distributions 68

3.4.3 Nanowire Pair 69

3.4.4 Circular Disk Array for Broadband IR Photodetector Enhancement 71

3.5 Plasmonic Perfect Absorber (PPA) 72

3.5.1 Introduction to Plasmonic Perfect Absorber 72

3.5.2 Plasmonic Perfect Absorber-Enhanced QDIP 74

3.5.3 Broadband Plasmonic Perfect Absorber 76

3.5.4 2DSHA Plasmonic Perfect Absorber 76

3.6 Chapter Summary 76

References 78

4 Optical Resistance Switch for Optical Sensing 83
Shiva Khani, Ali Farmani, and Pejman Rezaei

4.1 Introduction 83

4.2 Graphene Optical Switch 85

4.2.1 dc Mode of the Gate Capacitor 87

4.2.2 AC Mode of the Gate Capacitor 89

4.3 Nanomaterial Heterostructures-Based Switch 93

4.3.1 Situation 1: n 2 L n 2 H 95

4.3.2 Situation 2: n 2 H n 2 l 96

4.3.3 Situation 3: n 2 H n 2 l 96

4.4 Modulation Characteristics 104

4.5 Summary 115

References 115

5 Optical Interferometric Sensing 123
Hailong Wang and Jietai Jing

5.1 Introduction 123

5.2 Nonlinear Interferometer 124

5.2.1 Experimental Implementation of Phase Locking 125

5.2.2 Quantum Enhancement of Phase Sensitivity 131

5.2.3 Enhancement of Entanglement and Quantum Noise Cancellation 136

5.3 Other Types of Nonlinear Interferometers 143

5.3.1 Nonlinear Sagnac Interferometer 143

5.3.2 Hybrid Interferometer with a Nonlinear FWM Process and a Linear Beam-splitter 151

5.3.3 Experimental Implementation of a Phase-Sensitive Parametric Amplifier 155

5.3.4 Interference-Induced Quantum-Squeezing Enhancement 160

5.4 Nonlinear Interferometric SPR Sensing 164

5.5 Summary and Outlook 173

References 173

6 Spatial-frequency-shift Super-resolution Imaging Based on Micro/nanomaterials 175
Mingwei Tang and Qing Yang

6.1 Introduction 175

6.2 The Principle of SFS Super-resolution Imaging Based on Micro/n