1;Preface;5 2;Foreword;6 3;Contents;9 4;List of Contributors;14 5;1 The Road to Hydrogenosomes;16 5.1;1.1 Introduction;16 5.2;1.2 The Story;17 5.3;1.3 Conclusion;24 5.4;References;25 6;2 Mitochondria: Key to Complexity;27 6.1;2.1 Introduction;27 6.2;2.2 Size;29 6.3;2.3 Compartments;30 6.4;2.4 Dynamics of Gene Gain and Gene Loss in Bacteria;31 6.5;2.5 ATP Regulation of Bacterial Replication;35 6.6;2.6 Redox Poise Across Bioenergetic Membranes;39 6.7;2.7 Allometric Scaling of Metabolic Rate and Complexity;43 6.8;2.8 Conclusions;46 6.9;References;47 7;3 Origin, Function, and Transmission of Mitochondria;53 7.1;3.1 Introduction;53 7.2;3.2 Origins of Mitochondria;54 7.3;3.3 Mitochondrial Genomes;57 7.4;3.4 The Mitochondrial Theory of Ageing;59 7.5;3.5 Why Are There Genes in Mitochondria?;61 7.6;3.6 Co-location of Gene and Gene Product Permits Redox Regulation of Gene Expression;62 7.7;3.7 Maternal Inheritance of Mitochondria;64 7.8;3.8 Conclusions;67 7.9;References;67 8;4 Mitochondria and Their Host: Morphology to Molecular Phylogeny;71 8.1;4.1 Introduction;71 8.2;4.2 Alternative Visions;71 8.3;4.3 Before the Word;73 8.4;4.4 Les Symbiotes;74 8.5;4.5 Symbionticism and the Origin of Species;76 8.6;4.6 Against the Current;77 8.7;4.7 Infective Heredity;79 8.8;4.8 The Tipping Point;81 8.9;4.9 The Birth of Bacterial Phylogenetics;83 8.10;4.10 Just-So Stories;84 8.11;4.11 Kingdom Come, Kingdom Go;85 8.12;4.12 A Chimeric Paradigm;88 8.13;4.13 Recapitulation;91 8.14;References;92 9;5 Anaerobic Mitochondria: Properties and Origins;98 9.1;Summary;98 9.2;5.1 Introduction;98 9.3;5.2 Possible Variants in Anaerobic Metabolism;99 9.4;5.3 Cytosolic Adaptations to an Anaerobic Energy Metabolism;101 9.5;5.4 Anaerobically Functioning ATP-Generating Organelles;102 9.6;5.5 Energy Metabolism in Anaerobically Functioning Mitochondria;103 9.7;5.6 Adaptations in Electron-Transport Chains in Anaerobic Mitochondria;108 9.8;5.7 Structural Aspects of Anaerobically Functioning Electron- Transport Chains;109 9.9;5.8 Evolutionary Origin of Anaerobic Mitochondria;110 9.10;5.9 Conclusion;113 9.11;References;113 10;6 Iron-Sulfur Proteins and Iron-Sulfur Cluster Assembly in Organisms with Hydrogenosomes and Mitosomes;117 10.1;6.1 Introduction;117 10.2;6.2 Mitochondrion-Related Organelles in "Amitochondriate" Eukaryotes;118 10.3;6.3 Iron-Sulfur Cluster, an Ancient Indispensable Prosthetic Group;121 10.4;6.4 Iron-Sulfur Proteins in Mitochondria and Other Cell Compartments;121 10.5;6.5 Iron-Sulfur Proteins in Organisms Harboring Hydrogenosomes and Mitosomes;122 10.6;6.6 Iron-Sulfur Cluster Assembly Machineries;128 10.7;6.7 Iron-Sulfur Cluster Biosynthesis and the Evolution of Mitochondria;135 10.8;References;139 11;7 Hydrogenosomes (and Related Organelles, Either) Are Not the Same;146 11.1;7.1 Introduction;146 11.2;7.2 Hydrogenosomes and Mitochondrial-Remnant Organelles Evolved Repeatedly: Evidence from ADP/ ATP Carriers;150 11.3;7.3 Functional Differences Between Mitochondrial and Alternative ADP/ ATP Transporters;153 11.4;7.4 Evolutionary Tinkering in the Evolution of Hydrogenosomes;155 11.5;7.5 Why an [Fe]-Only Hydrogenase?;163 11.6;7.6 Conclusions;164 11.7;References;165 12;8 The Chimaeric Origin of Mitochondria: Photosynthetic Cell Enslavement, Gene- Transfer Pressure, and Compartmentation Efficiency;171 12.1;Summary;171 12.2;8.1 Key Early Ideas;172 12.3;8.2 The Host Was a Protoeukaryote Not an Archaebacterium;176 12.4;8.3 Was the Slave Initially Photosynthetic?;178 12.5;8.4 Three Phases of;179 12.6;proteobacterial Enslavement;179 12.7;8.5 Did Syntrophy or Endosymbiosis Precede Enslavement?;183 12.8;8.6 The Chimaeric Origin of Mitochondrial Protein Import and Targeting;186 12.9;8.7 Stage 2: Recovery from Massive Organelle-Host Gene Transfer;190 12.10;8.8 Mitochondrial Diversification;195 12.11;8.9 Conceptual Aspects of Megaevolution;195 12.12;8.10 Relative Genomic Contributions of the Two Partners;198 12.13;8.11 Genic Scale, Tempo, and Timing of Mitochondrial Enslav