Osteonecrosis is a disease caused by reduced blood flow to bones in the joints, including the hip, knee, shoulder, and ankle. The disease, which is usually progressive and leads to joint failure, occurs in young adults aged from their twenties to their fifties. The pathogenesis of osteonecrosis is still unclear, and treatment remains controversial. This textbook provides up-to-date and comprehensive information on the pathophysiology, etiology, diagnosis, classification, and treatment of osteonecrosis. The role of various imaging modalities is considered, and both non-surgical and surgical treatment approaches are clearly explained. The contributions, all from experts in the field, are based on presentations at leading international meetings during the past 10 years and on peer-reviewed papers. The book will be of interest not only to clinical practitioners but also to those engaged in basic research.

Part 1. History

Historical Perspective
Part 2. Anatomy and blood flow
Vascular Anatomy and Blood Supply to The Femoral Head
Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury in Bone
Part 3. Epidemiology
Epidemiology of Osteonecrosis in The Europe
Epidemiology of Osteonecrosis in The United States
Epidemiology of Osteonecrosis in The Japan
Epidemiology of Osteonecrosis in The South Korea
Epidemiology of Osteonecrosis in The Taiwan and China
Part 4. Etiology
Genetic Studies in Osteonecrosis of The Femoral Head
Osteonecrosis and Intravascular Coagulation Revisited
Glucocorticoids as An Etiologic Factor
Corticosteroid Usage and Osteonecrosis of The Hip
Alcohol
Traumatic Osteonecrosis of The Femoral Head
Posttraumatic Osteonecrosis of The Femoral Head
Osteonecrosis in Sickle Cell Disease
Autoimmune disease and Other Risk Factor
Part 5. Pathology
Pathophysiology of Ischemic Diseases of The Hip; Osteonecrosis, Borderline Necrosis and Bone Marrow Edema Syndrome
The Pathology of Osteonecrosis of The Femoral Head
Part 6. Clinical Manifestation
Natural history of Osteonecrosis
Causes of Pain in Early Stage and Advanced Stage
Accumulation of Necrotic Fatty Marrow in Osteonecrotic Hips Mimicking Septic Arthritis
Part 7. Imaging Diagnosis
Radiography, MRI, CT, Bone scan, PET-CT
Part 8. Staging and Classification
Ficat Staging System for Osteonecrosis of The Femoral Head
The University of Pennsylvania Classification Systems for Osteonecrosis of The Femoral Head
The Japanese Investigation Committee Classification for Osteonecrosis of The Femoral Head
Modified Kerboul Classification System for osteonecrosis of The Femoral Head
ARCO staging system : Generation and Evolution Since 1991
Part 9. Differential Diagnosis
Subchondral Stress Fracture of the Femoral Head
Bone Marrow Edema Syndrome of the Hip
Distinguishing Bone Marrow Edema Syndrome from Osteonecrosis
Part 10. Non-surgical Treatments
Treatment of Osteonecrosis ofThe Hip and Knee with Enoxaparin
The Role of Coagulopathy in The Pathogenesis and Prevention of Corticosteroid-Induced Osteonecrosis
Lipid Lowering Agents and Their Effect on Osteonecrosis: Pros and Cons
Is There a Role for Bone morphogenetic proteins in The Treatment of Osteonecrosis?
Alendronate in The Prevention of Collapse of The Femoral Head in Non-Traumatic Osteonecrosis
New Therapies of The Osteonecrosis
Part 11. Surgical Treatments
Principles of Core Decompression for Osteonecrosis of The Hip
Stem Cells in Osteonecrosis: Cons
Cement Techniques in Hip Osteonecrosis with Collapse: From Traditional Methyl Methacrylate to Bone Substitutes and Stem Cells
Impaction Bone Graft
Principles of Bone Grafting for Osteonecrosis of the Hip
Iliac bone graft
Vascularized Pedicle Iliac Bone Grafting for Osteonecrosis of The Femoral Head: Data, Dogma, and Controversies
Transtrochanteric Rotational Osteotomy for Femoral Head Osteonecrosis
Posterior Rotational Osteotomy for Severe Femoral Head Osteonecrosis
Transtrochanteric Curved Varus Osteotomy for The Treatment of Osteonecrosis of The Femoral Head
Total Hip Arthroplasty Using Ceramic-On-Ceramic Articulation
Highly Cross-Linked Polyethylene in Patients with Osteonecrosis of The Femoral Head in The United States and Europe
Alumina Ceramic on Highly Cross-Linked Polyethylene Bearing Surfaces in Cementless Total Hip Arthroplasty in Young Patients with Osteonecrosis of Femoral Head
Hip Arthroplasty for Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head
Resurfacing Arthroplasty for Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head
Part 12. Osteonecrosis in Bones: Other than The Hip
Multifocal Osteonecrosis
Osteonecrosis of the Humeral Head
Osteonecrosis of the Knee
Osteonecrosis of the Talus
Kienböck's disease of the Lunate
Part 13. Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease
Epidemiology and Etiology
Pathology, Pathophysiology, and Pathogenesis of Deformity
Diagnosis, Imaging and Classifications
Treatment.-Developing Medical Therapy
Corticosteroid Associated Osteonecrosis in Children
Part 14. Animal Models
Animal Models of Corticosteroid Associated Bone Diseases
Animal Models of Osteonecrosis - an overview.