1;Foreword;52;Preface;63;Contents;84;Pathophysiology of Anterior Knee Pain;124.1;1.1 Introduction;124.2;1.2 Background: Chondromalacia Patellae, Patellofemoral Malalignment Tissue Homeostasis Theory;124.3;1.3 Overload in the Genesis of Anterior Knee Pain. Posterior Knee Pain in Patellofemoral Disorders. Kinetic and Kinematic Analysis Help to Improve Understanding;144.4;1.4 Critical Analysis of Realignment Surgery, What Have We Learned? In Criticism of PFM Concept. Is PFM Crucial for the Genesis of Anterior Knee Pain?;154.5;1.5 Neuroanatomical Bases for Anterior Knee Pain in the Young Patient: " Neural Model";164.6;1.6 Which is the Basic Cause of the Disease? Role of Ischemia in the Genesis of Anterior Knee Pain. " Loss of Vascular Homeostasis";214.7;1.7 Author's Proposed Anterior Knee Pain Pathophysiology ( See Fig. 1.9);234.8;1.8 Clinical Relevance;244.9;1.9 Conclusions;254.10;1.10 Summary;254.11;References;255;Pathophysiology of Lateral Patellar Dislocation;285.1;2.1 Introduction;285.2;2.2 Soft Tissue Abnormalities;295.3;2.3 Bone Abnormalities;305.4;2.4 Summary;365.5;References;366;Natural History of Patellofemoral Dislocations;396.1;3.1 Introduction;396.2;3.2 Etiology;396.3;3.3 Family History;416.4;3.4 Recurrence Rate;416.5;3.5 Treatment;426.6;3.6 Development of Arthritis;426.7;3.7 Conclusion;436.8;References;437;Clinical Presentation of Patellofemoral Disorders;457.1;4.1 Anterior Knee Pain;457.2;4.2 Patellar Instability;467.3;4.3 Patellofemoral Arthritis;477.4;4.4 Previous Treatments;487.5;4.5 Past Medical History;487.6;4.6 Differential Diagnosis;487.7;4.7 Summary Statement;487.8;References;498;Clinical Examination of the Patellofemoral Patient;508.1;5.1 Introduction;508.2;5.2 Muscle Flexibility;548.3;5.3 Flexion-Extension Crepitus;548.4;5.4 Apprehension Test;558.5;5.5 Conclusions;578.6;5.6 Summary;578.7;References;579;Standard X-Ray Examination: Patellofemoral Disorders;599.1;6.1 Introduction;599.2;6.2 Basic Standard X-Rays;599.3;6.3 Sagittal View;609.4;6.4 Axial View;649.5;6.5 Conclusion;669.6;6.6 Summary;679.7;References;6710;Patellar Height: Which Index?;6810.1;7.1 Introduction ;6810.2;7.2 Definition [1-5];6810.3;7.3 Indices;6910.4;7.4 Conclusion;7210.5;7.5 Summary;7310.6;References;7311;Stress Radiographs in the Diagnosis of Patellofemoral Instability;7511.1;8.1 Technique of Obtaining Patellofemoral Stress Radiographs;7611.2;8.2 Measurements of Patellar Displacement;7711.3;References;7812;Computed Tomography and Arthro-CT Scan in Patellofemoral Disorders;7912.1;9.1 Introduction ;7912.2;9.2 The Protocol (Lyon's Protocol);7912.3;9.3 Tibial Tubercle-Trochlear Groove Distance;8112.4;9.4 Patellar Tilt;8112.5;9.5 Femoral Anteversion;8212.6;9.6 External Tibial Torsion;8212.7;9.7 Other Features of CT Imaging;8212.8;References;8413;MRI Analysis of Patellla Instability Factors;8513.1;10.1 Static Analysis of Instability Factors;8513.2;10.2 MRI Operative Protocol to Analyze Instability Factors;8613.3;10.3 Dynamic Evaluation of Patellofemoral Joint;9013.4;10.4 Summary Statements;9313.5;References;9414;MRI of the Patellofemoral Articular Cartilage;9614.1;11.1 Introduction;9614.2;11.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Patellofemoral Joint;9714.3;11.3 Summary;10114.4;11.4 Conflicts of Interest;10114.5;References;10115;Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: The Value of Pinhole and SPECT Scintigraphic Imaging and Quantitative Measurements of Bone Mineral Equivalent Density with Quantitative Computed Tomography;10415.1;12.1 Introduction;10415.2;12.2 Methods;10515.3;12.3 Conclusion;10515.4;References;10716;Gait Analysis in Patients with Patellofemoral Disorders;10916.1;13.1 Introduction;10916.2;13.2 Biomechanics in Patella Femoral Disorders;11016.3;13.3 Conclusion and Future Directions References;11317;Iatrogenic Anterior Knee Pain with Special Emphasis on the Clinical, Radiographical, Histological, Ultrastructural and Biochemical Aspects After Anteri