1;112284_1_En_FM1_OnlinePDF;1 2;112284_1_En_1_Chapter_OnlinePDF;9 2.1;1: Comparative Genomic Analysis of Pathogenic Yeasts and the Evolution of Virulence;9 2.1.1;Comparative Genome Analysis;11 2.1.2;Analysis of Basidiomycete Genomes;12 2.1.3;Analysis of Ascomycete Genomes;13 2.1.3.1;The Aspergilli;13 2.1.3.2;Candida Genomes;14 2.1.3.3;Evolution of Gene Families Associated with Virulence;15 2.1.3.4;Analysis of Synteny in Candida Genomes;17 2.1.4;Differential Gene Regulation and Evolution of Virulence;20 2.1.5;References;22 3;112284_1_En_2_Chapter_OnlinePDF;27 3.1;Chapter 2: Molecular Epidemiology of Candida Species;27 3.1.1;Introduction;27 3.1.1.1;Epidemiology of Candidosis;28 3.1.2;Molecular Epidemiology;30 3.1.2.1;DNA Fingerprinting with Dispersed, Repetitive Elements;30 3.1.2.2;Multi-Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) of C. albicans;32 3.1.2.2.1;Defining Clonal Clusters by MLST;35 3.1.2.2.2;Insights on Population Structure of C. albicans from MLST;35 3.1.2.2.3;Epidemiological Investigations with MLST;38 3.1.3;MLST of Non-C. albicans Candida Species;39 3.1.4;Future Directions for Typing of Candida Species;41 3.1.5;Conclusions;42 3.1.6;References;43 4;112284_1_En_3_Chapter_OnlinePDF;48 4.1;Chapter 3: Candida Infections and Modelling Disease;48 4.1.1;Candida Species as Commensals;48 4.1.2;Candida Species Associated with Disease;50 4.1.2.1;Oral Candidiasis;50 4.1.2.2;Vaginal Candidiasis;51 4.1.2.3; Disseminated Candidiasis;52 4.1.3; Modelling Candida Carriage and Infection;54 4.1.3.1; Experimental Models of Candida Infection: The Reductionist Approach;54 4.1.3.1.1;Cell-Based Models;54 4.1.3.1.1.1;Monocyte-Candida Interactions;54 4.1.3.1.1.2;Macrophage-Candida Interactions;55 4.1.3.1.1.3;Neutrophil-Candida Interactions;56 4.1.3.1.1.4; Dendritic Cell-Candida Interactions;56 4.1.3.1.1.5; Epithelial Cell- and Endothelial Cell-Candida Interactions;57 4.1.3.1.2;Reconstituted Human Epithelial Models (RHE) and Tissue Explants;57 4.1.3.2;Whole Animal Approaches;58 4.1.3.2.1;Invertebrate Models;58 4.1.3.2.2;Vertebrate Models;58 4.1.3.2.2.1;Mucosal Models;59 4.1.3.2.2.1.1;Models of Oral and Gastrointestinal Carriage and Infection;59 4.1.3.2.2.1.2;Models of Vaginal Carriage and Infection;60 4.1.3.2.2.1.3;Models of Systemic Infection;61 4.1.3.2.2.2;Gastrointestinal Dissemination;61 4.1.3.2.2.3;Intravenous Challenge;61 4.1.4;References;62 5;112284_1_En_4_Chapter_OnlinePDF;75 5.1;Chapter 4: Candida albicans Cell Wall Mediated Virulence;75 5.1.1;C. albicans Cell Wall Architecture;75 5.1.1.1;Cell Wall Proteins;76 5.1.2;Cell Wall Remodelling During Morphogenesis and Variation in pH;78 5.1.3;Phenotypic Switching;81 5.1.4;Comparative Cell Wall-Omics;81 5.1.5;Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Anchored Cell Wall Proteins;82 5.1.6;Cell Wall Associated Virulence Attributes;82 5.1.6.1;Adhesion;82 5.1.6.1.1;Als family;83 5.1.6.1.2;Eap1;84 5.1.6.1.3;Hwp1;84 5.1.6.1.4;Ywp1;84 5.1.6.1.5;Int1;85 5.1.6.2;Cell Surface Hydrophobicity;85 5.1.6.3;Superoxide Dismutases (SODs);86 5.1.6.4;Phospholipases;86 5.1.6.5;Iron Binding Proteins;87 5.1.6.6;Als3 a Multi-Functional Adhesin, Invasin and Ferritin-Binding Protein;87 5.1.6.7;Biofilm Formation;88 5.1.6.7.1;Interactions with Host Cells;89 5.1.6.7.2;Wall as Potential Source of Novel Therapies;90 5.1.7;Future Perspectives;90 5.1.8;References;91 6;112284_1_En_5_Chapter_OnlinePDF;102 6.1;Chapter 5: Secreted Candida Proteins: Pathogenicitypathogenicity and Host Immunity;102 6.1.1;Introduction;102 6.1.2;The Secretory Pathwaysecretory pathway in Fungi;103 6.1.3;The Secretory Proteins of Candida spp.;104 6.1.4;Non-Covalently Linked Cell Wall Associated Secreted Proteins;104 6.1.5;Candida Proteins Secreted from the Cell;107 6.1.5.1;Candida Secreted Aspartyl Proteinases;107 6.1.5.1.1;Candida Secreted Aspartyl Proteinases: Processing, Activation and Structuresecreted aspartyl proteinasesprocessing, activation;108 6.1.5.1.2;Candida Secreted Aspartyl Proteinases: Role in Pathogenicitysecreted aspartyl proteinasesrole in pathogenicity;109 6.