This book provides comprehensive and up-to-date information on diagnosis, medical and surgical treatments for pediatric retinal vascular conditions, which are leading causes of childhood blindness throughout the world. Experienced ophthalmologists in the field discuss basic knowledge about these diseases and practical aspects of management such as exam under anesthesia, diagnostic approaches including spectral-domain hand-held optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography. The reader will learn about the recent advances in medical and surgical treatments for pediatric retinal vascular diseases. The surgical treatments, anti-VEGF injections, laser photocoagulation and lens sparing vitrectomy are explained step-by-step and can be observed in several videos.

Both the general ophthalmologist who cares for children with retinal diseases and the specialist (pediatric ophthalmologists and vitreoretinal surgeon) will find this book to be an informative resource in providing best care for children with pediatric retinal vascular conditions.

Basics of pediatric retinal vascular diseases.- Development of hyaloid, vitreous and retinal vasculature.- Preparation of neonates before exam and surgery.- Pupil dilatation of neonates

What to do in case of bad pupil dilatation?.- Anaesthesia for examination and surgery of neonates.- Exam under local and general anesthesia
Surgery under local and general anesthesia.- Examination of neonates with wide-field fundus camera.- Fundus Imaging (1): Wide-field fundus photo.- Examination of neonates with angiography and OCT
Fundus Imaging (2): Fluorescein angiography
Fundus Imaging (3): OCT and OCTA.- FEVR
diagnosis of FEVR
classification of FEVR
treatments of FEVR (laser/anti-VEGF/surgery)
Coats' disease.- diagnosis of Coats' disease
classification of Coats' disease
treatment Coats'  disease with laser/anti-VEGF
surgical treatment Coats' disease (laser, vitrectomy)
Incontinentia Pigmenti.- diagnosis of Incontinentia Pigmenti
classification of Incontinentia Pigmenti
treatments of Incontinentia Pigmenti (laser/anti-VEGF/surgery)
surgical treatment of Incontinentia Pigmenti (vitrectomy).- Norrie disease.- diagnosis of  Norrie disease
classification of  Norrie disease
treatments of  Norrie disease (laser/anti-VEGF/surgery).- ROP
Pathogenesis of ROP
oxygen, inflammation, growth factors, essential nutrients
Classification & Screening of ROP
Laser treatment: indications, how to laser, anatomical/visual results, involution after laser, complications
Anti-VEGF treatment
Surgical treatments for stage 4/5 ROP
Long-term outcomes of ROP: visual development (including visual acuity), refractive error, strabismus.