The second, fully updated edition of this book applies and contextualizes up-to-date information on pediatric surgery for low and middle-income countries (LMICs). The book is organized in general anatomic and thematic sections within pediatric surgery, such as urology, oncology, orthopedics and gastroenterology and includes chapters addressing the unique challenges and approaches for pediatric surgery in low-resource settings. Each chapter has dual authorship LMIC author providing context-specific insights and authors from high-income countries (HICs) contributing experience from well-resourced settings.

Written in a reader-friendly format, this book has a uniform structure in each chapter, with introduction, demographics, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentations, investigations, management, outcome, prevention, ethics, evidence-based surgery and references. This comprehensive volume fills the gap between up-to-date pediatric surgical scholarship and knowledge developed and applied in HICs, and the practical needs of practitioners in low-resource settings.

This is an indispensable guide for postgraduate surgical trainees in Africa and other LMICs as well as general surgeons practicing in Africa and other LMICs, who need to care surgically for children.

<p>1.  Paediatric surgery specialty and its relevance to Africa

2. Neonatal physiology and transport
3.  Respiratory physiology and support
4.  Cardiovascular physiology and support
5.  Fluids and electrolyte therapy in the paediatric patient
6.  Nutritional support
7.  Haemoglobinopathies
8.  Wound healing
9.  Vascular access in children
10.  Anaesthesia and perioperative care
11.  Pain management
12.  Intensive care
13.  Ethics of paediatric surgery in Africa
14.  Psychological issues in paediatric surgery.- 
15.  Common bacterial infections in children
16.  Surgical site infection
17.  Surgical complications of typhoid fever
18.  Tuberculosis
19.  Pyomyositis
20.  Omphalitits
21.  Necrotizing fasciitis
22.  Haematogenous osteomyelitis and septic arthritis
23.  Parasitic infestation of surgical importance in children
24.  HIV/AIDS and the paediatric surgeon.- 
25.  Paediatric trauma: epidemiology, prevention and control
26.  Paediatric trauma scoring and trauma registry
27.  Initial assessment and resuscitiation of the trauma patient
28.  Thoracic trauma
29.  Abdominal trauma
30.  Craniocerebral and spinal trauma
31.  Urogenital and perineal trauma
32.  Musculoskeletal trauma
33.  Burns
34.  Injuries from child abuse
35.  Birth injuries.- 
36.  Neck: cysts, sinuses and fistulas
37.  Lymphadenopathy in African children
38.  Sternomastoid tumour in infancy
39.  Salivery gland diseases in children and adolescents
40.  Thyroid and parathyroid glands.- 
41.  Laryngoscopy, bronchoscopy and oesophagoscopy
42.  Paediatric upper airway obstruction
43.  Tracheomalacia
44.  Congenital cystic lung lessions
45.  Congenital diaphragmatic hernia and diaphragmatic eventration
46.  Pleural effusion and empyema
47.  Lung abscess
48.  Oesophageal atresia
49.  Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
50.  Achalasia
51.  Corrosive ingestion and oesophageal replacement
52.  Aerodigestive foreign bodies in children
53.  Chest wall deformities
54.  Mediastinal masses
55.  chylothorax.- 
56.  Congenital anterior abdominal wall defects: exomphalos and gastroschisis
57.  Disorders of the umbilicus
58.  Inguinal and femoral hernias and hydroceles.- 
59.  Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
60.  Peptic ulcer disease
61.  Neonatal intestinal obstruction
62.  Duodenal atresias and stenosis
63.  Intestinal atresias and stenosis
64.  Vitelline duct anomalies
65.  Intestinal malrotation and midgut volvulus
66.  Gastrointestinal duplications
67.  Meconium ileus
68.  Intussusception
69.  Miscellaneous causes of intestinal obstruction
70.  Necrotizing enterocolitis
71.  Short bowel syndrome
72.  Gastrointestinal stomas.- 
73.  Colonic atresias
74.  Appendicitis
75.  Inflammatory bowel disease
76.  Hirschsprung's disease and allied malformations
77.  Anorectal malformation
78.  Polyps
79.  Other anorectal conditions.- 
80.  Obstructive jaundice
81.  Biliary atresia
82.  Choledochal cyst
83.  Cholelithiasis (gallstones)
84.  Annular pancreas
85.  Pancreatitis
86.  Spleen
87.  Portal hypertension.- 
88.  Cystic diseases of the kidney
89.  Congenital ureteropelvic junction stenosis
90.  Ureteric duplications and ureterocoeles
91.  Vesicoureteric reflux
92.  Bladder exstrophy and epispadias
93.  Urethral valves
94.  Hypospadias
95.  Circumcision
96.  Phimosis, meatal stenosis, and paraphimosis
97.  Urolithiasis
98.  Undescended testis
99.  Disorders of sex development
100.  Bladder outlet obstruction
101.  Acute scrotum.- 
102.  Kidney tumours
103.  Teratomas
104.  Lymphomas and the paediatric surgeon
105.  Neuroblastoma
106.  Malignant soft tissue tumours
107.  Liver tumours
108.  Primary bone tumours
109.  Brain and spinal cord tumours.- 
110.  Lymphangioma
111.  Haemangioma
112.  Arteriovenous malformations
113.  Unilateral limb enlargement.- 
114.  Hydrometrocolpos
115.  Mullerian Duct Anomalies
116.  Labial adhesions and agglutination
117.  Ovarian lesions.- 
118.  Disability and Rehabilitation: General concepts
119.  Neurodisability
120.  Common Paediatric Orthopaedic Diseases
121.  Plastic and reconstructive surgery.- 
122.  Minimal invasive surgery in paediatric patients
123.  Prenatal diagnosis and fetal therapy
124.  Conjoined and parasitic twins
125.  Otorhinolaryngology
126.  Paediatric transplantation
127.  Telemedicine and e-health
128.  Paediatric surgical education in sub-saharan Africa.</p>