1;Contents;6 2;Part I: Basics of Respiratory Physiology and Mechanics in the Neonate and the Growing Child;12 2.1;1: Development of the Respiratory System (Including the Preterm Infant);13 2.1.1;1.1 Prenatal Development;13 2.1.1.1;1.1.1 Embryonic and Fetal Development of the Airways;13 2.1.1.2;1.1.2 Branching Morphogenesis;14 2.1.1.3;1.1.3 Differentiation of the Conducting Airway Epithelium;16 2.1.1.4;1.1.4 The Establishment of the Air-Blood Interface;17 2.1.1.5;1.1.5 Development of the Embryonic and Fetal Pulmonary Vascular System;18 2.1.1.5.1;1.1.5.1 The Extrapulmonary Vessels;18 2.1.1.5.2;1.1.5.2 The Intrapulmonary Vessels and Microcirculation;18 2.1.2;1.2 Postnatal Lung Development;20 2.1.2.1;1.2.1 Postnatal Lung Development: Alveolarization;20 2.1.2.2;1.2.2 The Formation of the Alveoli;21 2.1.2.3;1.2.3 The Regulation of Secondary Septation;22 2.1.2.3.1;1.2.3.1 ECM;23 2.1.2.3.2;1.2.3.2 Growth Factors;24 2.1.2.3.3;1.2.3.3 Transcription Factors;25 2.1.2.3.4;1.2.3.4 Retinoic Acid and Glucocorticoids;25 2.1.2.4;1.2.4 The Pulmonary Vascular System in Alveolar Development;26 2.1.2.5;1.2.5 Regulation of Postnatal Vascular Growth;28 2.1.3;References;29 2.2;2: The Neonatal Neuromechanical Unit: Generalities of Operation;36 2.2.1;2.1 Generalities;36 2.2.2;2.2 Neural Output;37 2.2.3;2.3 Translation of Muscle Contraction into Pulmonary Ventilation;38 2.2.3.1;2.3.1 Step 1. Force Generation;38 2.2.3.2;2.3.2 Step 2. Pressure Generation;39 2.2.3.3;2.3.3 Step 3. Lung and Chest Wall Mechanics;40 2.2.4;2.4 Mechanical Constraints and Breathing Pattern;41 2.2.4.1;2.4.1 Chest Wall Distortion;41 2.2.4.2;2.4.2 Low Resting Volume: Problems and Solutions;42 2.2.5;2.5 Feedback Regulation;43 2.2.5.1;2.5.1 Vagal Feedback;44 2.2.5.2;2.5.2 Extrapulmonary Ventilatory Reflexes;45 2.2.5.3;2.5.3 Chemical Feedback;45 2.2.5.3.1;2.5.3.1 Hypoxia;46 2.2.5.3.2;2.5.3.2 Hypercapnia;47 2.2.6; Conclusions;47 2.2.7;References;48 2.3;3: Basics of Gas Exchange;52 2.3.1;3.1 Pulmonary Gas Exchange;52 2.3.2;3.2 Alveolar Ventilation and Alveolar PO2;52 2.3.3;3.3 Intrapulmonary Shunt;54 2.3.4;3.4 Dead Space;56 2.3.5;3.5 Blood-Gas Equilibrium;56 2.3.6;3.6 Tissue Oxygenation;58 2.3.7;3.7 Metabolic Rate;59 2.3.8;3.8 Interpretation of Arterial and Venous Blood Gases;60 2.3.9;References;62 2.4;4: The Respiratory System;64 2.4.1;4.1 Physiology of the Upper Airway and Control in Breathing;64 2.4.1.1;4.1.1 Introduction: Breathing and the Upper Airway;65 2.4.1.2;4.1.2 Nasal Functions in Breathing;65 2.4.1.2.1;4.1.2.1 Air Conditioning and Vascularity;65 2.4.1.2.2;4.1.2.2 Nasal Reflexes and Protection;65 2.4.1.2.3;4.1.2.3 Nasal Patency and Resistance;65 2.4.1.3;4.1.3 Oral Cavity and Pharyngeal Functions in Breathing;67 2.4.1.3.1;4.1.3.1 Oral Cavity and Pharyngeal Patencies and Obstructive Apnea;67 2.4.1.3.2;4.1.3.2 Sucking, Nutritive Swallowing, and Breathing;68 2.4.1.3.3;4.1.3.3 Nonnutritive Swallowing, Aspiration, and Swallow Breaths;69 2.4.1.4;4.1.4 Laryngeal Functions in Breathing and Control in Breathing;69 2.4.1.4.1;4.1.4.1 Laryngeal Opening and Closure in Airway Protection and Breathing;70 2.4.1.4.1.1;4.1.4.1.1 Laryngeal Closure and Airway Protection;70 2.4.1.4.1.2;4.1.4.1.2 Eupnea: Glottic Aperture Size and Flow/Volume Control;70 2.4.1.4.1.3;4.1.4.1.3 Integrative Central Control and Effects;70 2.4.1.4.2;4.1.4.2 Laryngeal Intrinsic Muscles and Control in Breathing;71 2.4.1.4.2.1;4.1.4.2.1 Laryngeal Intrinsic Muscles in Eupnea and Grunting;71 2.4.1.4.3;4.1.4.3 Laryngeal and Pump Muscle Breathing Patterns in the Fetus and Newborn;73 2.4.1.5;4.1.5 Control of Coordinated Laryngeal and Pump Muscle Activities;73 2.4.1.5.1;4.1.5.1 Laryngeal Protective, Lower Airway and Chest Wall Afferents;73 2.4.1.5.2;4.1.5.2 Central and Chemical Control;75 2.4.1.6; Conclusion;76 2.4.2;4.2 Mechanics of the Lung, Airways, and the Chest Wall;77 2.4.2.1;4.2.1 Background;77 2.4.2.1.1;4.2.1.1 Passive Tests of Respiratory Mechanics;77 2.4.2.1.2;4.2.1.2 Dynamic Tests of Respiratory Mechanics;78 2.4.2.2;4.2.2