1;Foreword;5<br />2;Preface to the Third Edition;9<br />3;Preface to the Second Edition;11<br />4;Preface to the First Edition;13<br />5;Contents;15<br />6;Contributors;26<br />7;Part I General Aspects;31<br />7.1;Pharmaceuticals in the Environment A Brief Summary;32<br />7.2;Special Characteristics of Pharmaceuticals Related to Environmental Fate;51<br />8;Part II Sources, Occurrence and Fate;63<br />8.1;Drug Production Facilities An Overlooked Discharge Source for Pharmaceuticals to the Environment;64<br />8.2;Substance Flows Associated with Medical Care Significance of Different Sources;70<br />8.3;Pharmaceutical Residues in Northern European Environments: Consequences and Perspectives;87<br />8.4;Antibiotics in the Environment;101<br />8.5;Veterinary Antibiotics in Dust: Sources, Environmental Concentrations, and Possible Health Hazards;120<br />8.6;Fate of Veterinary Medicines Applied to Soils;128<br />8.7;Pharmaceuticals as Environmental Contaminants: Modeling Distribution and Fate;145<br />8.8;Environmental Exposure Modeling: Application of P h ATE and GREAT- ER to Human Pharmaceuticals in the Environment;157<br />8.9;Exposure Assessment Methods for Veterinary and Human- Use Medicines in the Environment: PEC vs. MEC Comparisons;171<br />9;Part III Effects;196<br />9.1;Effects of Pharmaceuticals on Aquatic Organisms;197<br />9.2;Another Example of Effects of Pharmaceuticals on Aquatic Invertebrates: Fluoxetine and Ciprofloxacin;226<br />9.3;Effects of Antibiotics and Virustatics in the Environment;244<br />9.4;Realizing the Potential Benefits of Small Animal Models for the Aquatic Hazard Assessment of Human Pharmaceuticals: A Conceptual Approach;266<br />9.5;On the Ecotoxicology of Pharmaceutical Mixtures;277<br />9.6;Chronic Mixture Toxicity of Pharmaceuticals to Daphnia The Example of Nonsteroidal Anti- Inflammatory Drugs;297<br />9.7;The Ecotoxicological Effects of Pharmaceuticals ( Antibiotics and Antiparasiticides) in the Terrestrial Environment a Review;305<br />9.8;Odorants Potent Substances at Minor Concentrations: The Ecological Role of Infochemicals;324<br />10;Part IV Risk Assessment;340<br />10.1;European Developments in the Environmental Risk Assessment of Pharmaceuticals;341<br />10.2;The State and the Future Development/Perspective of Environmental Risk Assessment of Medicinal Products for Human Use: Aspects of Its Regulations in Japan;353<br />10.3;Deterministic and Probabilistic Environmental Risk Assessment for Diazepam;360<br />10.4;Comparison of Prospective and Retrospective Environmental Risk Assessments of Human Pharmaceuticals;401<br />10.5;Methodological Aspects Concerning the Environmental Risk Assessment for Medicinal Products; Research Challenges;408<br />11;Part V Risk Management;424<br />11.1;Strategies for Reducing the Input of Pharmaceuticals into the Environment;425<br />11.2;COST ACTION 636 Xenobiotics in the Urban Water Cycle A Network for Collaboration within Europe;433<br />11.3;Removal of Pharmaceutical Residues from Contaminated Raw Water Sources by Membrane Filtration;441<br />11.4;Photooxidation as Advanced Oxidation Treatment of Hospital Effluents;468<br />11.5;Pharmaceuticals and Environment: Role of Community Pharmacies;480<br />11.6;Mitigation of the Pharmaceutical Outlet into the Environment Experiences from Sweden;487<br />11.7;Pharmaceutical Waste;500<br />12;Index;511