1;Foreword;5
2;Preface to the Third Edition;9
3;Preface to the Second Edition;11
4;Preface to the First Edition;13
5;Contents;15
6;Contributors;26
7;Part I General Aspects;31
7.1;Pharmaceuticals in the Environment A Brief Summary;32
7.2;Special Characteristics of Pharmaceuticals Related to Environmental Fate;51
8;Part II Sources, Occurrence and Fate;63
8.1;Drug Production Facilities An Overlooked Discharge Source for Pharmaceuticals to the Environment;64
8.2;Substance Flows Associated with Medical Care Significance of Different Sources;70
8.3;Pharmaceutical Residues in Northern European Environments: Consequences and Perspectives;87
8.4;Antibiotics in the Environment;101
8.5;Veterinary Antibiotics in Dust: Sources, Environmental Concentrations, and Possible Health Hazards;120
8.6;Fate of Veterinary Medicines Applied to Soils;128
8.7;Pharmaceuticals as Environmental Contaminants: Modeling Distribution and Fate;145
8.8;Environmental Exposure Modeling: Application of P h ATE and GREAT- ER to Human Pharmaceuticals in the Environment;157
8.9;Exposure Assessment Methods for Veterinary and Human- Use Medicines in the Environment: PEC vs. MEC Comparisons;171
9;Part III Effects;196
9.1;Effects of Pharmaceuticals on Aquatic Organisms;197
9.2;Another Example of Effects of Pharmaceuticals on Aquatic Invertebrates: Fluoxetine and Ciprofloxacin;226
9.3;Effects of Antibiotics and Virustatics in the Environment;244
9.4;Realizing the Potential Benefits of Small Animal Models for the Aquatic Hazard Assessment of Human Pharmaceuticals: A Conceptual Approach;266
9.5;On the Ecotoxicology of Pharmaceutical Mixtures;277
9.6;Chronic Mixture Toxicity of Pharmaceuticals to Daphnia The Example of Nonsteroidal Anti- Inflammatory Drugs;297
9.7;The Ecotoxicological Effects of Pharmaceuticals ( Antibiotics and Antiparasiticides) in the Terrestrial Environment a Review;305
9.8;Odorants Potent Substances at Minor Concentrations: The Ecological Role of Infochemicals;324
10;Part IV Risk Assessment;340
10.1;European Developments in the Environmental Risk Assessment of Pharmaceuticals;341
10.2;The State and the Future Development/Perspective of Environmental Risk Assessment of Medicinal Products for Human Use: Aspects of Its Regulations in Japan;353
10.3;Deterministic and Probabilistic Environmental Risk Assessment for Diazepam;360
10.4;Comparison of Prospective and Retrospective Environmental Risk Assessments of Human Pharmaceuticals;401
10.5;Methodological Aspects Concerning the Environmental Risk Assessment for Medicinal Products; Research Challenges;408
11;Part V Risk Management;424
11.1;Strategies for Reducing the Input of Pharmaceuticals into the Environment;425
11.2;COST ACTION 636 Xenobiotics in the Urban Water Cycle A Network for Collaboration within Europe;433
11.3;Removal of Pharmaceutical Residues from Contaminated Raw Water Sources by Membrane Filtration;441
11.4;Photooxidation as Advanced Oxidation Treatment of Hospital Effluents;468
11.5;Pharmaceuticals and Environment: Role of Community Pharmacies;480
11.6;Mitigation of the Pharmaceutical Outlet into the Environment Experiences from Sweden;487
11.7;Pharmaceutical Waste;500
12;Index;511