1;1: Introduction;13 2;2: Phenols;19 2.1;Phenol;21 2.1.1;Physical Properties of Phenol;22 2.1.2;Chemical Properties of Phenol;23 2.1.3;Phenol Production from Cumene;23 2.1.4;Sources for ``Natural´´ Phenol;29 2.1.5;Global Supply and Use of Phenol;29 2.2;Alkylphenols;30 2.2.1;Cresols;30 2.2.2;Xylenols;31 2.3;Resorcinol;31 2.4;Bisphenol-A;32 2.5;References;32 3;3: Formaldehyde;34 3.1;Introduction;35 3.2;Chemistry;35 3.2.1;Aldehydes;35 3.2.2;Formaldehyde;35 3.2.3;Chemical Properties of Formaldehyde;36 3.3;Manufacturing Processes;37 3.3.1;Silver Catalyst Process;38 3.3.2;Metal Oxide Processes;38 3.4;Stabilizer;40 3.5;World Market;41 3.5.1;Methanol;41 3.5.2;Market Performers;42 3.6;Formaldehyde Uses;43 3.7;Health and Safety;45 3.8;Other Formaldehyde Materials;46 3.8.1;Paraformaldehyde;46 3.8.2;Trioxane and Cyclic Formals;47 3.8.3;HMTA;47 3.9;Other Aldehydes;48 3.10;References;49 4;Chapter 4: Resin Chemistry;50 4.1;Introduction;52 4.2;Resole;54 4.2.1;Methylol Phenol(s);54 4.2.2;Addition - Methylolation;55 4.3;Novolak;62 4.3.1;Bisphenol F;62 4.3.2;Random;64 4.3.3;High Ortho;66 4.3.4;Heterogeneous/Two-Phase Process;66 4.4;Nanotechnology;71 4.5;Modified Novolaks;74 4.6;Enzyme;74 4.7;Reactions;75 4.7.1;Functional Group Appendage to Phenolics: Epoxy;75 4.7.2;Cyanate Ester;77 4.7.3;Benzoxazine;80 4.7.4;Nanomodified Fiber Reinforced Phenolic Type Polymer Matrix Composites;81 4.7.5;Compatibilization and/or Toughening Agents;83 4.8;Natural Products;84 4.9;Mechanism of Cure;85 4.9.1;Novolak;85 4.9.2;Resole;89 4.9.2.1;Latent Curing Agents;90 4.9.3;Non-Hexa Cure of Novolaks;91 4.9.3.1;Solid Resole;91 4.9.3.2;Bisoxazolines;91 4.9.3.3;Benzoxazines;92 4.9.3.4;Oxazolidines;92 4.10;Addition Cure Phenolics;93 4.11;Trends;95 4.12;References;97 5;Chapter 5: Analyses/Testing;101 5.1;Introduction;103 5.1.1;A-Stage, B-Stage, C-Stage, Transitions;103 5.2;Raw Materials;104 5.2.1;Wet Chemical Methods (RI, pH, Titration);105 5.2.2;Formaldehyde;105 5.3;Standard Physical and Quality Control Methods - ISO Methods;107 5.4;Instrumental Analysis;107 5.4.1;GPC;107 5.4.2;GC and GC-Mass Spectrometry;110 5.4.3;Pyrolysis GC;112 5.4.4;Liquid Chromatography and Liquid Chromatography-MS;112 5.4.5;IR Spectroscopy;114 5.4.6;Raman Spectroscopy;119 5.4.7;NIR Spectroscopy and Other Process Control Instruments;120 5.4.8;NMR Spectroscopy;122 5.4.9;Time of Flight Mass Spectroscopy;126 5.4.10;PES, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy;126 5.4.11;Thermal Analysis;127 5.4.11.1;Thermogravimetric Analysis;128 5.4.11.2;Differential Scanning Calorimetry;129 5.4.11.3;Dynamic Mechanical Analysis;131 5.4.11.4;Rheometry;133 5.4.11.5;Other Thermal Techniques;134 5.4.12;Microscopy;134 5.5;Conclusion;138 5.6;References;138 6;Chapter 6: Resole Production;145 6.1;Production of Resoles;146 6.1.1;Resoles;146 6.1.2;Raw Materials;147 6.1.3;Molar Ratio;147 6.1.4;Process Parameters;147 6.2;Parameters of Resoles;147 6.3;Production Process;148 6.3.1;Principle Steps of the Batch Process;148 6.4;Continuous Phenolic Resin Manufacturing Processes;149 6.5;Modern Batch Manufacturing Processes;150 6.5.1;Raw Material Charging;150 6.5.2;Temperature Control;150 6.5.3;In-line Monitoring;151 6.5.4;Health and Safety Issues;152 6.6;References;152 7;7: Novolak Production;153 7.1;Introduction;153 7.2;Raw Materials;154 7.3;Acid Catalysts;155 7.4;Process;156 7.5;References;157 8;Chapter 8: Wood Composite Adhesives;159 8.1;Introduction;159 8.2;Volume and Region Trends;160 8.3;Global Market Factors;163 8.4;Environmental Factors;165 8.5;Economic Factors;166 8.6;Process and Equipment Factors;167 8.6.1;Continuous Press;167 8.6.2;Steam-Air Preheater;167 8.6.3;Radio Frequency Preheater;168 8.6.4;Microwave Preheater;168 8.6.5;Dry Blending on MDF;169 8.6.6;Foam and Liquid Extrusion for Plywood and LVL;169 8.7;Application Requirement Factors;170 8.7.1;Plywood;170 8.7.2;Laminated Veneer Lumber;170 8.7.3;Oriented Strand Board;171 8.7.4;Structural Composite Lumber Products;171 8.7.5;Hardboards and Light Fiberboards for Insulation Purposes;172