1;Preface;4 2;References;6 3;Contents;7 4;Contributors;9 5;1 Morphing Structures in the Venus Flytrap;12 5.1;Abstract;12 5.2;1.1...Introduction;12 5.3;1.2...Anatomy and Mechanics of the Trap;15 5.4;1.3...The Hydroelastic Curvature Model of Venus Flytrap;16 5.5;1.4...Comparison with Experiment;21 5.6;1.5...Interrogating Consecutive Stages of Trap Closing;23 5.7;1.6...Electrical Memory in Venus Flytrap;28 5.8;1.7...Complete Hunting Cycle of the Venus Flytrap;34 5.9;Acknowledgment;40 5.10;References;40 6;2 The Effect of Electrical Signals on Photosynthesis and Respiration;43 6.1;Abstract;43 6.2;2.1...Introduction;44 6.3;2.2...Methodology and Experimental Setup;45 6.3.1;2.2.1 Gas Exchange Measurements;45 6.3.2;2.2.2 Chlorophyll Fluorescence Measurements;47 6.3.3;2.2.3 Polarographic O2 Measurements;51 6.4;2.3...Effect of APs on Photosynthesis;51 6.4.1;2.3.1 Chara cells;51 6.4.2;2.3.2 Carnivorous Plant Venus Flytrap (D. muscipula);53 6.4.3;2.3.3 Mimosa Pudica;56 6.4.4;2.3.4 Other Plant Species;57 6.5;2.4...Effect of VPs on Photosynthesis;59 6.5.1;2.4.1 Mimosa Pudica;60 6.5.2;2.4.2 Other Plant Species;61 6.6;2.5...Possible Mechanism Underlying Photosynthetic Limitation upon Impact of Electrical Signals;63 6.7;2.6...Effect of Electrical Signalling on Respiration;65 6.8;2.7...Conclusions;66 6.9;Acknowledgments;67 6.10;References;67 7;3 Mathematical Modeling, Dynamics Analysis and Control of Carnivorous Plants;73 7.1;Abstract;73 7.2;3.1...Introduction;74 7.3;3.2...Mathematical Modeling;78 7.3.1;3.2.1 Double-Trigger Process;79 7.3.2;3.2.2 Water Kinetics;80 7.3.2.1;3.2.2.1 Capture Process: (From the Open to the Semi-Closed State);83 7.3.2.2;3.2.2.2 Release Process: (From the Semi-Closed to the Open State);84 7.3.2.3;3.2.2.3 Sealing Process: (From the Semi-Closed to the Closed State);86 7.3.2.4;3.2.2.4 Reopening Process: (From the Fully Closed to the Open State);86 7.3.3;3.2.3 Summary of Model;87 7.4;3.3...Flytrap Robot;88 7.5;3.4...Conclusions;92 7.6;References;92 8;4 The Telegraph Plant: Codariocalyx motorius (Formerly Also Desmodium gyrans);94 8.1;Abstract;94 8.2;4.1...Introduction;95 8.3;4.2...Anatomy and Physiology of the Codariocalyx Pulvinus;97 8.3.1;4.2.1 Pulvinus Shape and Bending;98 8.3.2;4.2.2 Pulvinus Curvature and Water Transport;100 8.3.3;4.2.3 Pulvinus Water Transport;100 8.4;4.3...Codariocalyx: Experiments on Leaflet Movements;102 8.4.1;4.3.1 Background: J.C. Bose;103 8.4.2;4.3.2 Leaflet Movements and Temperature;104 8.4.3;4.3.3 Leaflet Movements and Mechanical Load;104 8.4.4;4.3.4 Leaf Movements and Light;105 8.5;4.4...Codariocalyx Experiments: Contributions from Electro-Physiology and Biochemistry;107 8.5.1;4.4.1 Microelectrode Electrophysiology;107 8.5.2;4.4.2 Ca2+ Regulation in Plant Cells;108 8.5.3;4.4.3 Ca2+ and the Phosphatidyl Inositol Signalling Chain;109 8.6;4.5...Codariocalyx Experiments: Contributions from Electromagnetic Perturbations of Rhythmic Leaflet Movements;111 8.6.1;4.5.1 Interlude: Oscillations and Singularities;111 8.6.2;4.5.2 Applications of Electric Currents to Pulvinus;113 8.6.3;4.5.3 Static Magnetic Fields;115 8.7;4.6...The ''Heart of the Matter'': Modelling the Pulvinus Tissue;116 8.7.1;4.6.1 Diffusion Coupling;117 8.7.2;4.6.2 Modelling Ca2+ Oscillations Applied to Leaflet Oscillations;118 8.7.3;4.6.3 From Concentration Variations to Movements;119 8.8;4.7...Discussion;119 8.8.1;4.7.1 Experimental; Observations and Physiology;122 8.8.2;4.7.2 Experimental: Electrophysiology;123 8.8.3;4.7.3 Systems Approach and Modelling;124 8.9;References;126 9;5 Regulatory Mechanism of Plant Nyctinastic Movement: An Ion Channel-Related Plant Behavior;133 9.1;Abstract;133 9.2;5.1...Ion Channel-Related Regulatory Mechanism on Plant Nyctinastic Movement;133 9.3;5.2...Chemical Studies on Nyctinastic Leaf Movement;137 9.3.1;Leaf Opening and Closing Substances in Nyctinastic Plants;139 9.3.2;Bioorganic Studies of Nyctinasty Using Functionalized Leaf Movement Factors as Molecular Probes: Fluorescence Studies on Nyctinast