1;PREFACE;82;TABLE OF CONTENTS;103;CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION;143.1;1.1 TESTING TECHNIQUES;143.2;1.2 STEPS FOR SUCCESSFUL POLYMER CHARACTERIZATION;173.3;1.3 PREPARATION AND SEPARATION TECHNIQUES;173.4;References;194;CHAPTER 2: SPECTROSCOPY;204.1;2.1 FTIR SPECTROSCOPY;214.1.1;2.1.1 FTIR Spectrophotometer;224.1.2;2.1.2 FTIR Techniques;244.1.3;2.1.3 Correlation of Polymer and Additives Structure and FTIR Spectra;274.1.4;2.1.4 Useful FTIR Standard Measuring Techniques;334.2;2.2 RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY;584.3;2.3 ENERGY DISPERSIVE X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY;644.4;References;665;CHAPTER 3: GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY AND SELECTIVE MASS DETECTION;685.1;3.1 GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY INSTRUMENTATION;685.2;3.2 CORRELATION OF ADDITIVE STRUCTURE AND MASS SPECTRA;725.3;3.3 SELECTED STANDARDS FOR GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY TESTING;755.4;References;866;CHAPTER 4: THERMAL PROPERTIES;886.1;4.1 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY;886.2;4.2 SPECIFIC HEAT AND SPECIFIC ENTHALPY;936.3;4.3 DENSITY;976.4;4.4 THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY;976.4.1;4.4.1 New Developments in Thermal Diffusivity Measurement;1016.5;4.5 LINEAR COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION;1046.6;4.6 CURING BEHAVIOR;1106.7;4.7 THERMAL ANALYSIS AND MEASURING DEVICES;1136.7.1;4.7.1 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC);1156.7.2;4.7.2 Thermogravimetry (TGA);1336.8;References;1397;CHAPTER 5: MELT RHEOLOGY;1407.1;5.1 BASIC CONCEPTS AND TERMINOLOGY;1417.2;5.2 CONSTITUTIVE MODELS;1557.2.1;5.2.1 Newtonian Model;1567.2.2;5.2.2 Power Law Model;1567.2.3;5.2.3 Bird-Carreau-Yasuda Model;1577.2.4;5.2.4 Pressure Dependence of Viscosity;1587.2.5;5.2.5 Phan-Thien and Tanner Multimode Model;1597.3;5.3 RHEOMETRY;1607.3.1;5.3.1 The Melt Flow Indexer;1607.3.2;5.3.2 Capillary Viscometer;1637.3.3;5.3.3 Rotational Rheometry;1707.3.4;5.3.4 Extensional or Elongational Rheometry;1787.4;References;1968;CHAPTER 6: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES;1988.1;6.1 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES;1988.1.1;6.1.1 The Short-Term Tensile Test;1988.1.2;6.1.2 Impact Strength;2138.1.3;6.1.3 Creep Behavior;2388.1.4;6.1.4 Dynamic Mechanical Tests;2548.1.5;6.1.5 Fatigue Tests;2598.1.6;6.1.6 Strength Stability Under Heat;2668.2;References;2739;CHAPTER 7: PERMEABILITY PROPERTIES;2769.1;7.1 SORPTION;2779.2;7.2 DIFFUSION AND PERMEATION;2789.3;7.3 MEASURING S, D, AND P;2889.4;7.4 DIFFUSION OF POLYMER MOLECULES AND SELF-DIFFUSION;2949.5;References;29810;CHAPTER 8: ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS AND AGING;30010.1;8.1 WATER ABSORPTION;30010.2;8.2 WEATHERING;30410.3;8.3 CHEMICAL DEGRADATION;31410.4;8.4 THERMAL DEGRADATION OF POLYMERS;32110.5;References;32711;CHAPTER 9: ELECTRICAL, OPTICAL, AND ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES;32811.1;9.1 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES;32811.1.1;9.1.1 Dielectric Behavior;32811.1.2;9.1.2 Electric Conductivity;33411.1.3;9.1.3 Application Problems;33911.1.4;9.1.4 Magnetic Properties;35111.2;9.2 OPTICAL PROPERTIES;35211.2.1;9.2.1 Index of Refraction;35311.2.2;9.2.2 Photoelasticity and Birefringence;35511.2.3;9.2.3 Transparency, Reflection, Absorption, and Transmittance;35711.2.4;9.2.4 Gloss;36211.2.5;9.2.5 Color;36411.3;9.3 ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES;36611.3.1;9.3.1 Speed of Sound;36711.3.2;9.3.2 Sound Reflection;36711.3.3;9.3.3 Sound Absorption;36811.4;References;37012;INDEX;372

1;PREFACE;8<br />2;TABLE OF CONTENTS;10<br />3;CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION;14<br />3.1;1.1 TESTING TECHNIQUES;14<br />3.2;1.2 STEPS FOR SUCCESSFUL POLYMER CHARACTERIZATION;17<br />3.3;1.3 PREPARATION AND SEPARATION TECHNIQUES;17<br />3.4;References;19<br />4;CHAPTER 2: SPECTROSCOPY;20<br />4.1;2.1 FTIR SPECTROSCOPY;21<br />4.1.1;2.1.1 FTIR Spectrophotometer;22<br />4.1.2;2.1.2 FTIR Techniques;24<br />4.1.3;2.1.3 Correlation of Polymer and Additives Structure and FTIR Spectra;27<br />4.1.4;2.1.4 Useful FTIR Standard Measuring Techniques;33<br />4.2;2.2 RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY;58<br />4.3;2.3 ENERGY DISPERSIVE X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY;64<br />4.4;References;66<br />5;CHAPTER 3: GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY AND SELECTIVE MASS DETECTION;68<br />5.1;3.1 GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY INSTRUMENTATION;68<br />5.2;3.2 CORRELATION OF ADDITIVE STRUCTURE AND MASS SPECTRA;72<br />5.3;3.3 SELECTED STANDARDS FOR GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY TESTING;75<br />5.4;References;86<br />6;CHAPTER 4: THERMAL PROPERTIES;88<br />6.1;4.1 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY;88<br />6.2;4.2 SPECIFIC HEAT AND SPECIFIC ENTHALPY;93<br />6.3;4.3 DENSITY;97<br />6.4;4.4 THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY;97<br />6.4.1;4.4.1 New Developments in Thermal Diffusivity Measurement;101<br />6.5;4.5 LINEAR COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION;104<br />6.6;4.6 CURING BEHAVIOR;110<br />6.7;4.7 THERMAL ANALYSIS AND MEASURING DEVICES;113<br />6.7.1;4.7.1 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC);115<br />6.7.2;4.7.2 Thermogravimetry (TGA);133<br />6.8;References;139<br />7;CHAPTER 5: MELT RHEOLOGY;140<br />7.1;5.1 BASIC CONCEPTS AND TERMINOLOGY;141<br />7.2;5.2 CONSTITUTIVE MODELS;155<br />7.2.1;5.2.1 Newtonian Model;156<br />7.2.2;5.2.2 Power Law Model;156<br />7.2.3;5.2.3 Bird-Carreau-Yasuda Model;157<br />7.2.4;5.2.4 Pressure Dependence of Viscosity;158<br />7.2.5;5.2.5 Phan-Thien and Tanner Multimode Model;159<br />7.3;5.3 RHEOMETRY;160<br />7.3.1;5.3.1 The Melt Flow Indexer;160<br />7.3.2;5.3.2 Capillary Viscometer;163<br />7.3.3;5.3.3 Rotational Rheometry;170<br />7.3.4;5.3.4 Extensional or Elongational Rheometry;178<br />7.4;References;196<br />8;CHAPTER 6: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES;198<br />8.1;6.1 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES;198<br />8.1.1;6.1.1 The Short-Term Tensile Test;198<br />8.1.2;6.1.2 Impact Strength;213<br />8.1.3;6.1.3 Creep Behavior;238<br />8.1.4;6.1.4 Dynamic Mechanical Tests;254<br />8.1.5;6.1.5 Fatigue Tests;259<br />8.1.6;6.1.6 Strength Stability Under Heat;266<br />8.2;References;273<br />9;CHAPTER 7: PERMEABILITY PROPERTIES;276<br />9.1;7.1 SORPTION;277<br />9.2;7.2 DIFFUSION AND PERMEATION;278<br />9.3;7.3 MEASURING S, D, AND P;288<br />9.4;7.4 DIFFUSION OF POLYMER MOLECULES AND SELF-DIFFUSION;294<br />9.5;References;298<br />10;CHAPTER 8: ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS AND AGING;300<br />10.1;8.1 WATER ABSORPTION;300<br />10.2;8.2 WEATHERING;304<br />10.3;8.3 CHEMICAL DEGRADATION;314<br />10.4;8.4 THERMAL DEGRADATION OF POLYMERS;321<br />10.5;References;327<br />11;CHAPTER 9: ELECTRICAL, OPTICAL, AND ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES;328<br />11.1;9.1 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES;328<br />11.1.1;9.1.1 Dielectric Behavior;328<br />11.1.2;9.1.2 Electric Conductivity;334<br />11.1.3;9.1.3 Application Problems;339<br />11.1.4;9.1.4 Magnetic Properties;351<br />11.2;9.2 OPTICAL PROPERTIES;352<br />11.2.1;9.2.1 Index of Refraction;353<br />11.2.2;9.2.2 Photoelasticity and Birefringence;355<br />11.2.3;9.2.3 Transparency, Reflection, Absorption, and Transmittance;357<br />11.2.4;9.2.4 Gloss;362<br />11.2.5;9.2.5 Color;364<br />11.3;9.3 ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES;366<br />11.3.1;9.3.1 Speed of Sound;367<br />11.3.2;9.3.2 Sound Reflection;367<br />11.3.3;9.3.3 Sound Absorption;368<br />11.4;References;370<br />12;INDEX;372