1;Preface;5 2;Foreword;9 3;Contents;11 4;1. Introduction;17 4.1;1.1 Common problems with bulk solids;17 4.2;1.2 Milestones of bulk solids technology;20 5;2 Fundamentals;24 5.1;2.1 Particles or continuum?;24 5.2;2.2 Forces and stresses;25 5.3;2.3 Stresses in bulk solids solids solids;27 5.4;2.4 Bulk density;35 5.5;2.5 Elastic and plastic deformation;36 5.6;2.6 Adhesive forces;38 5.7;2.7 Influence of particle size on the behavior of a bulk solid;47 6;3 Flow properties of bulk solids;50 6.1;3.1 Uniaxial compression test;50 6.2;3.2 Principles of shear testing;62 6.3;3.3 Wall friction;84 7;4 Practical determination of flow properties;90 7.1;4.1 Measurement with shear testers;90 7.2;4.2 Selection of stresses;114 7.3;4.3 Application-related measurement of flow properties;125 8;5 A more detailed look at properties of bulk solids;127 8.1;5.1 Anisotropy and influence of deformation on stresses;127 8.2;5.2 Shear deformation, shear zones, localization;143 8.3;5.3 Yield locus;161 8.4;5.4 Influence of velocity;174 9;6 Discussion of testers and test procedures;176 9.1;6.1 Influences on test results;176 9.2;6.2 Requirements for testers to measure flow properties;181 9.3;6.3 Measuring techniques and equipment (overview);182 9.4;6.4 Remarks on reliability and accuracy;206 9.5;6.5 Measurement of adhesive forces;209 9.6;6.6 Summary;211 10;7 Properties exhibited by some bulk solids;212 10.1;7.1 Effects in flowing bulk solids;212 10.2;7.2 Parameters and conditions influencing flow behavior;223 11;8 Examples of measured flow properties;244 11.1;8.1 Flow agent;244 11.2;8.2 Moisture content;246 11.3;8.3 Temperature;248 11.4;8.4 Time consolidation;249 11.5;8.5 Particle size;250 11.6;8.6 Attrition;253 11.7;8.7 Bulk density;254 11.8;8.8 Stress dependency of wall friction;256 11.9;8.9 Influence of wall material on wall friction angle;258 12;9 Stresses;261 12.1;9.1 Stress states in silos;261 12.2;9.2 Assessment of stresses;270 12.3;9.3 Loads on feeders;284 12.4;9.4 Disturbances to the stress distribution;290 13;10 Silo design for flow;302 13.1;10.1 Flow profiles: mass flow and funnel flow;302 13.2;10.2 Flow problems in silos;304 13.3;10.3 Jenike's procedure for silo design;306 13.4;10.4 Application of results;323 13.5;10.5 Design diagrams;324 14;11 Silo configurations;329 14.1;11.1 Influence of flow properties on silo configuration;329 14.2;11.2 Hopper configurations;330 14.3;11.3 Inserts;338 15;12 Discharge of bulk solids;348 15.1;12.1 Maximum discharge rate;348 15.2;12.2 Discharge aids;356 15.3;12.3 Feeders and other discharge devices;362 15.4;12.4 Feeder dimensions and placement of discharge aids;386 16;13 Segregation;390 16.1;13.1 Segregation mechanisms;390 16.2;13.2 Techniques to reduce segregation;399 16.3;13.3 Sampling;412 16.4;13.4 Final remarks;413 17;14 Silo quaking and silo honking;414 17.1;14.1 Phenomenon;414 17.2;14.2 Shocks as a result of sudden flow;415 17.3;14.3 Sudden flow and pulsating flow caused by slip-stick friction;417 17.4;14.4 Shear zones in silos;418 17.5;14.5 Silo shocks due to slip-stick friction;422 17.6;14.6 Shocks and vibrations due to other reasons;438 17.7;14.7 Means for reducing silo quaking and silo honking;440 18;15 Sample problems and solutions;447 18.1;15.1 General remarks;447 18.2;15.2 Sample problems;447 19;Symbols;474 20;References;479 21;Index;509