BASICS OF MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES<br>Introduction<br>Electromagnetic Spectrum<br>Fundamentals of Crystallography<br>Molecular Vibrations<br>Magnetism in Solids<br>Optical Properties of Solids<br> <br>X-RAY DIFFRACTION<br>Introduction<br>Bragg's Law<br>Von Laue Treatment: Laue's Equation<br>Experimental Techniques<br>Geometry and Instrumentation<br>Stadard X-Ray Diffraction Pattern<br>Applications<br>Examples and Illustrations<br> <br>RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY<br>Introduction<br>Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy<br>Raman Spectra: Origin<br>Classical Theory of Raman Scattering<br>Quantum Theory of Raman Spectroscopy<br>Raman Spectrometer<br>Resonance Raman Spectroscopy<br>Special Techniques<br>Applications and Illustrations<br> <br>X-RAY SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES<br>X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS)<br>X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)<br>Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES)<br> <br>MAGNETIC MEASUREMENTS<br>Introduction<br>Magnetization Measuring Instruments<br>Advantages and Disadvantage of Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM)<br>Susceptibility Measurement<br>Examples and Illustrations<br> <br>DIELECTRIC MEASUREMENTS<br>Introduction<br>Polarization and Dielectric Constant<br>Mechanism for Colossal Dielectric Response<br>Frequency Dependence of Polarizability<br>Classification of Dielectric Materials<br>Dielectric Dispersion: A Brief Discussion<br>Dielectric Loss and Relaxation<br>Complex Permittivity<br>Polarization Build Up<br>Jonscher's Universal Law<br>Examples and Illustrations<br> <br>ELECTRON MICROSCOPY<br>Introduction<br>Generation of Electron Beam<br>Interaction of Electron Beam with Sample<br>Inelastic Scattering and Absorption<br>The Family of Electron Microscopes<br>Atomic Force Microscopy<br>Examples and Illustrations<br> <br>INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY<br>Introduction<br>Instrumentation for FTIR<br>Fourier Transform<br>Electromagnetic Radiation<br>Infrared Absorption<br>Normal Modes of Vibration<br>Complicating Factors<br>Applications of IR Spectroscopy<br> <br>