1;Preface;6 2;Contents;8 3;Contributors;12 4;Part I: Introduction;18 4.1;1: History of Thoracic Anesthesiology;19 4.1.1;Introduction;19 4.1.2;Ages of Thoracic Surgery;20 4.1.2.1;Surgery for Infective Lung Disease;20 4.1.2.2;Surgery for Lung Cancer;21 4.1.2.3;Surgery for Respiratory Failure;22 4.1.2.4;Lung Separators;22 4.1.2.5;The Blocker Story;22 4.1.2.6;The Endobronchial Tube Story;22 4.1.2.7;The Double-Lumen Tube Story;23 4.1.2.8;Origins of Thoracic Endoscopy;23 4.1.2.9;Tracheobronchial Stenosis;25 4.1.2.10;Esophageal Surgery;25 4.1.2.11;Pain Relief;25 4.1.3;Conclusion;25 4.1.4;Further Reading;26 5;Part II: Preoperative Evaluation;27 5.1;2: Preanesthetic Assessment for Thoracic Surgery;28 5.1.1;Introduction;28 5.1.2;Assessment of Respiratory Function;29 5.1.2.1;Lung Mechanical Function;30 5.1.2.2;Pulmonary Parenchymal Function;32 5.1.2.3;Cardiopulmonary Interaction;33 5.1.2.4;Regional Lung Function;35 5.1.2.5;Split-Lung Function Studies;36 5.1.2.6;Combination of Tests;36 5.1.3;Concomitant Medical Conditions;37 5.1.3.1;Cardiac Disease;37 5.1.3.1.1;Ischemia;38 5.1.3.1.2;Arrhythmias;39 5.1.3.2;Age;40 5.1.3.3;Renal Dysfunction;41 5.1.3.3.1;Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease;41 5.1.3.3.2;Carbon Dioxide Retention;41 5.1.3.3.3;Preoperative Therapy of COPD;41 5.1.3.3.4;Physiotherapy;42 5.1.3.3.5;Restrictive Lung Diseases;42 5.1.3.3.6;Pulmonary Hypertension;43 5.1.3.4;Smoking;43 5.1.3.4.1;Type of Surgical Procedure;43 5.1.3.4.2;Combined Strategies for Preoperative Assessment;43 5.1.3.4.3;Perioperative Considerations in Thoracic Malignancies;44 5.1.3.5;Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC);46 5.1.3.5.1;Adenocarcinoma;46 5.1.3.5.2;Squamous Cell Carcinoma;48 5.1.3.5.3;Large Cell Undifferentiated Carcinoma;48 5.1.3.6;Small-Cell Lung Cancer;49 5.1.3.7;Carcinoid Tumors;49 5.1.3.8;Pleural Tumors;49 5.1.4;Preoperative Assessment of the Patient with Lung Cancer;50 5.1.4.1;Postoperative Analgesia;50 5.1.4.2;Premedication;51 5.1.4.3;Summary of The Initial Preoperative Assessment;51 5.1.4.3.1;Final Preoperative Assessment.;51 5.1.4.3.2;Difficult Endobronchial Intubation;52 5.1.4.3.2.1;Prediction of Desaturation During One-Lung Ventilation;52 5.1.5;Assessment for Repeat Thoracic Surgery;53 5.1.6;Clinical Case Discussion;53 5.1.6.1;Questions;53 5.1.7;References;54 5.2;3: Thoracic Imaging;57 5.2.1;Introduction;57 5.2.2;Normal Tracheobronchial Anatomy;57 5.2.3;Chest Radiographs;58 5.2.4;Chest Radiographs and Pulmonary Disease;58 5.2.5;Lung Mass and Chest X-Rays;59 5.2.6;Mediastinal Mass and Chest X-Rays;59 5.2.7;Bullae;61 5.2.8;Pneumothorax;62 5.2.9;Pleural Effusion;64 5.2.10;Chest Tube Placement;64 5.2.11;Previous Lobectomy;65 5.2.12;Pneumonectomy;65 5.2.13;Double-Lumen Endotracheal Tubes;67 5.2.14;Postoperative Acute Lung Injury;68 5.2.15;Computed Tomography Scan and Pulmonary Disease;69 5.2.16;Computed Tomography Scan and Lung Mass, Mediastinal Mass, Pleural Effusion, and Pericardial Effusion;69 5.2.17;Multidetector Computer Tomography Scan of the Chest;71 5.2.18;Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Pulmonary Disease;71 5.2.19;Summary;74 5.2.20;References;74 6;Part III: Thoracic Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology;76 6.1;4: Essential Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System and the Pulmonary Circulation;77 6.1.1;Introduction;77 6.1.2;Functional Anatomy;77 6.1.2.1;Upper Airway Anatomy;77 6.1.2.1.1;Oropharynx and Nasopharynx;77 6.1.2.1.2;Larynx;78 6.1.2.1.3;Pharyngeal Innervation;79 6.1.2.2;Upper Airway Function;79 6.1.2.2.1;Homeostatic Mechanisms;79 6.1.2.2.2;The Cough Reflex;80 6.1.2.3;Clinical Issues;80 6.1.2.3.1;Airway Obstruction;80 6.1.2.3.2;Nebulized Medications;80 6.1.2.4;Tracheobronchial and Respiratory Anatomy;81 6.1.2.4.1;Tracheal and Bronchial Structure;81 6.1.2.4.2;Tracheobronchial Circulation and Lymphatic System;81 6.1.2.4.3;Respiratory Airways and Alveolar Histology;82 6.1.2.4.4;Innervation;83 6.1.3;Neural Control of Respiration;83 6.1.3.1;Respiratory Centers;83 6.1.3.2;Chemoreception and Respiratory Control;84 6.1.3.3;Neural C