The proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion (FBC) collect 9 plenary lectures and 175 peer-reviewed technical papers presented in the conference held in Xi'an China in May 18-21,2009. The conference was the 20th conference in a series, covering the latest fundamental research results, as well as the application experience from pilot plants, demonstrations and industrial units regarding to the FBC science and technology. It was co-hosted by Tsinghua University, Southeast University, Zhejiang University, China Electricity Council and Chinese Machinery Industry Federation. A particular feature of the proceedings is the balance between the papers submitted by experts from industry and the papers submitted by academic researchers, aiming to bring academic knowledge to application as well as to define new areas for research. The authors of the proceedings are the most active researchers, technology developers, experienced and representative facility operators and manufacturers. They presented the latest research results, state-of-the-art development and projects, and the useful experience. The proceedings are divided into following sections: - CFB Boiler Technology, Operation and Design - Fundamental Research on Fluidization and Fluidized Combustion - C02 Capture and Chemical Looping - Gasification - Modeling and Simulation on FBC Technology - Environments and Pollutant Control - Sustainable Fuels The proceedings can be served as idea references for researchers, engineers, academia and graduate students, plant operators, boiler manufacturers, component suppliers, and technical managers who work on FBC fundamental research, technology development and industrial application.

1;Title Page ;2 2;Copyright Page ;3 3;PREFACE;4 4;Table of Contents ;7 5;Keynotes;17 6;LATEST DEVELOPMENT OF CFB BOILERS IN CHINA;18 6.1;INTRODUCTION;18 6.2;CFB BOILER DEVELOPMENT HISTORY IN CHINA;18 6.3;SOME IMPORTANT RESEACHE ACTIVITIES AND RESULTS;20 6.3.1;Bed material balance;20 6.3.2;Axial and peripheral distributions of heat transfer coefficient and heat flux;20 6.3.3;Axial profile of heat release fraction;21 6.3.4;Feasibility study on N20 removal;22 6.3.5;Post combustion in the cyclone;22 6.3.6;Misdistribution of hydrodynamics in a CFB boiler with multiple cyclones;22 6.3.7;Design Theory for CFB Boilers;23 6.4;CHALLENGES AND NEAR-FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS;23 6.4.1;Capacity scaling up for efficiency improvement;23 6.4.2;S02 Removal in a CFB boiler;24 6.4.3;Energy saving CFB process;25 6.5;CONCLUDING REMARKS;26 6.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;27 6.7;REFRENCES;27 7;GASIFICATION OF BIOMASS IN FLUIDISED BED: REVIEW OF MODELLING ;28 7.1;INTRODUCTION;28 7.2;FLUID DYNAMICS;28 7.2.1;Modelling of the bottom zone;29 7.2.2;Modelling of the freeboard;29 7.3;MASS BALANCES;30 7.4;ENERGYBALANCE;32 7.5;SOURCE TERMS;33 7.5.1;Mass and heat transport at particle scale in FBG;33 7.5.2;Drying and devolatilisation;33 7.5.3;Chemical conversion of char;34 7.5.4;Comminution of solid particles;36 7.5.5;Kinetics of homogeneous reactions;37 7.5.6;Conversion of tar;37 7.6;REVIEW OF LITERATURE FBBG MODELS;38 7.7;CONCLUSIONS;38 7.8;NOTATIONS;39 7.9;REFERENCES;40 8;POTENTIALS OF BIOMASS CO-COMBUSTION IN COAL-FIRED BOILERS ;42 8.1;INTRODUCTION;42 8.2;INCENTIVES FOR CO-COMBUSTION;43 8.3;POTENTIALS OF BIOMASS FOR CO-COMBUSTION;43 8.4;CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOMASS AS FUELS;44 8.5;MONO-COMBUSTION VS. CO-COMBUSTION OF BIOMASS;47 8.6;EXAMPLES OF BIOMASS CO-COMBUSTION IN EUROPE;47 8.7;CO-COMBUSTION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE IN GERMANY;48 8.7.1;Some general remarks;48 8.7.2;Examples of power plants with co-combustion;48 8.7.3;A detailed investigation of co-combustion in the Duisburg power plant;49 8.8;PERSPECTIVES OF BIOMASS CO-COMBUSTION;53 8.9;SUMMARYAND CONCLUSIONS;55 8.10;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;56 8.11;REFERENCES;56 9;Formation and Reduction of Pollutants in CFBC: From Heavy Metals, Particulates, Alkali, NOx, N2O , SOx, HCI ;58 9.1;INTRODUCTION;58 9.2;NITROGEN OXIDES NO, NO2, N2O ;58 9.3;SULFUR OXIDES S02, S03;60 9.4;HYDROCHLORIC ACID HCL, ALKALI, HEAVY METALS, DIOXINS;60 9.5;PARTICULATES;62 9.6;CONCLUSIONS;62 9.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;62 9.8;REFERENCES;62 10;LATEST EVOLUTION OF OXY-FUEL COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGY IN CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED ;64 10.1;INTRODUCTION;64 10.2;OXY-FUEL CFB TECHNOLOGYDESCRIPTION;65 10.3;MAIN FINDINGS OF OXY-FUEL CFB TECHNOLOGY;65 10.3.1;Combustion characteristics of coal in