1;Preface;6 2;Acknowledgements;8 3;Contents;10 4;Chapter 1: History of Planar Chromatography;17 4.1;1.1 History of Paper Chromatography (PC);17 4.2;1.2 History of Thin-Layer Chromatography;23 4.3;1.3 The History of Quantitative Planar Chromatography;24 4.4;References;26 5;Chapter 2: Theoretical Basis of Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC);29 5.1;2.1 Planar and Column Chromatography;29 5.2;2.2 TLC Capillary Flow;31 5.3;2.3 TLC Distribution Equilibrium;34 5.3.1;2.3.1 Adsorption Chromatography;34 5.3.2;2.3.2 Partition Chromatography;36 5.4;2.4 The Retardation Factor (Rf);38 5.4.1;2.4.1 The Empirical Rf Factor;38 5.4.2;2.4.2 The Thermodynamic Rf Factor;40 5.5;2.5 Mobile Phase Composition;41 5.6;2.6 Transfer of TLC Separations to Columns;43 5.7;2.7 The Rm Value;44 5.8;2.8 Temperature Dependence of TLC Separations;45 5.9;2.9 Advanced Theoretical Considerations;46 5.10;2.10 Indices Characterizing Separation and Resolution;53 5.11;2.11 Zone Broadening in Planar Chromatography;56 5.11.1;2.11.1 The A term;56 5.11.2;2.11.2 The B term;57 5.11.3;2.11.3 The C term;58 5.11.4;2.11.4 Local Plate Height H;58 5.11.5;2.11.5 The van Deemter Equation;59 5.12;2.12 Optimum Separation Conditions in TLC;61 5.13;2.13 Separation Number;63 5.14;2.14 Real Plate Height;66 5.15;References;67 6;Chapter 3: The Stationary Phase in Thin-Layer Chromatography;69 6.1;3.1 Activating and Deactivating Stationary Phases;70 6.2;3.2 Snyder´s Adsorption Model;71 6.3;3.3 Layer Characteristics;73 6.3.1;3.3.1 Layer Thickness (df);75 6.3.2;3.3.2 Average Particle Size (dp);76 6.3.3;3.3.3 Particle Size Distribution;76 6.3.4;3.3.4 Specific Surface Area (Os);76 6.3.5;3.3.5 Pore Volume (Vp);77 6.3.6;3.3.6 Average Pore diameter (Pd);77 6.4;3.4 The Most Important Stationary Phases in TLC;78 6.4.1;3.4.1 Aluminium Oxide;78 6.4.2;3.4.2 Magnesium Silicate;78 6.4.3;3.4.3 Silica Gel;79 6.4.4;3.4.4 Chemically Bonded Silica Gel Layers;82 6.4.5;3.4.5 Kieselguhr;83 6.4.6;3.4.6 Cellulose;84 6.4.7;3.4.7 Polyamides;86 6.4.8;3.4.8 Ion Exchange Resins;87 6.4.9;3.4.9 Chiral Phases;88 6.4.10;3.4.10 Layers with Fluorescent Indicators;89 6.4.11;3.4.11 Making Your Own Plates;89 6.5;3.5 Light Absorption on Plate Surfaces;90 6.6;References;93 7;Chapter 4: The Mobile Phase in Adsorption and Partition Chromatography;96 7.1;4.1 Solvent Characteristics;96 7.2;4.2 Solvent Theory for Adsorption Chromatography (According to Snyder);98 7.2.1;4.2.1 Solvent Strength (epsi0);100 7.2.2;4.2.2 Solvent Strength of Binary Mixtures;101 7.3;4.3 Solvent Theory in Partition Chromatography;103 7.3.1;4.3.1 Solvent Theory (According to Snyder);104 7.3.2;4.3.2 Other Methods for Characterizing Solvents;107 7.4;4.4 Optimizing Solvent Composition;108 7.5;4.5 The PRISMA Model (According to Nyiredy);112 7.6;4.6 Solvent Additives;114 7.7;4.7 Appendix: Solvent Properties;117 7.8;References;118 8;Chapter 5: Preparing and Applying Samples;119 8.1;5.1 Sample Preparation;119 8.1.1;5.1.1 The QuEChERS Approach;119 8.1.2;5.1.2 Solid-Phase Extraction;120 8.1.3;5.1.3 Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction;122 8.2;5.2 The Dosage Quality;122 8.3;5.3 Choice of Application Position;126 8.4;5.4 Practical Application Methods;127 8.4.1;5.4.1 Sample Application via Plate Contact;127 8.4.2;5.4.2 Sample Application Without Plate Contact;128 8.4.3;5.4.3 Sample Application via Contact Spotting;128 8.4.4;5.4.4 Plate Overloading and Incomplete Drying;130 8.5;References;131 9;Chapter 6: Basis for TLC Development Techniques;133 9.1;6.1 Influence of the Vapour Phase;133 9.2;6.2 Chamber Types for Linear Development;137 9.2.1;6.2.1 N-Chambers (``Trough Chambers´´);137 9.2.2;6.2.2 S-Chamber (``Small Chamber´´);138 9.2.3;6.2.3 Vario-KS-Chamber;139 9.2.4;6.2.4 The H-Chamber (``Horizontal Chamber´´);139 9.3;6.3 Controlling Separations via the Vapour Phase;140 9.3.1;6.3.1 Solvent Composition During Separation;140 9.3.2;6.3.2 Plate Pre-loading via the Vapour Phase;144 9.4;6.4 Circular Separations;147 9.5;6.5 Solvent Gradients;148 9.5.1;6.5.1 Theory of Solvent Gradients;148 9.5.2;6.