1;Radiological Imaging of the Kidney;3 1.1;Dedication;5 1.2;Foreword;6 1.3;Preface;7 1.4;Contents;8 1.5;Part I:Embryology and Anatomy;11 1.5.1;1: Embryology of the Kidney;12 1.5.1.1;1.1 Introduction;12 1.5.1.2;1.2 Development of Urogenital System;13 1.5.1.3;1.3 Development of Urinary System;13 1.5.1.3.1;1.3.1 Morphogenesis of Transient Kidney;14 1.5.1.3.1.1;1.3.1.1 Pronephroi;14 1.5.1.3.1.2;1.3.1.2 Mesonephroi;14 1.5.1.3.2;1.3.2 Morphogenesis of Metanephros or Permanent Kidney;16 1.5.1.4;1.4 Migration of the Kidneys;18 1.5.1.5;1.5 Lobes of Kidney Surface;19 1.5.1.6;1.6 Vascular Variations;19 1.5.1.7;1.7 Supernumerary Renal Arteries;19 1.5.1.8;1.8 Molecular Aspects of Kidney Development;19 1.5.1.8.1;1.8.1 Inductive Processes and Proliferation;19 1.5.1.8.2;1.8.2 Apoptosis;21 1.5.1.9;1.9 Congenital Abnormalities of the Kidney and Urinary Tract;21 1.5.1.9.1;1.9.1 Renal Agenesis (Fig. 1.7a);21 1.5.1.9.2;1.9.2 Hypoplastic Kidney;21 1.5.1.9.3;1.9.3 Ectopic Kidney (Fig. 1.7b-e);21 1.5.1.9.4;1.9.4 Fused/Horseshoe Kidney;23 1.5.1.9.5;1.9.5 Ectopic Ureter;23 1.5.1.9.6;1.9.6 Duplications of the Urinary Tract;23 1.5.1.9.7;1.9.7 Wilms Tumor;23 1.5.1.10;1.10 Conclusions;23 1.5.1.11;References;24 1.5.2;2: Normal Radiological Anatomy and Anatomical Variants of the Kidney;25 1.5.2.1;2.1 Anatomy and Physiology of the Kidney;25 1.5.2.1.1;2.1.1 Normal Renal Anatomy;25 1.5.2.1.1.1;2.1.1.1 Macroscopic Renal Anatomy;25 1.5.2.1.1.2;2.1.1.2 Microscopic Renal Anatomy and Nephron Physiology;29 1.5.2.1.2;2.1.2 Normal Renal Physiology;32 1.5.2.1.3;2.1.3 Calculation of Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR);33 1.5.2.1.4;2.1.4 Calculation of Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) in Acute Renal Failure;36 1.5.2.2;2.2 Normal Radiological Anatomy of the Renal Parenchyma, Intrarenal Vasculature, and Anatomical Variants;37 1.5.2.2.1;2.2.1 Conventional Radiography;37 1.5.2.2.2;2.2.2 Gray-Scale and Doppler Ultrasound;38 1.5.2.2.3;2.2.3 Computed Tomography;41 1.5.2.2.4;2.2.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging;44 1.5.2.2.5;2.2.5 Anatomical Variants of Renal Morphology;45 1.5.2.2.6;2.2.6 Anatomical Variants of Renal Parenchyma;47 1.5.2.3;2.3 Normal Radiological Anatomy of Renal Vessels and Anatomical Variants;52 1.5.2.3.1;2.3.1 Gray-Scale and Doppler Ultrasound;54 1.5.2.3.2;2.3.2 CT Angiography;54 1.5.2.3.3;2.3.3 MR Angiography;56 1.5.2.3.4;2.3.4 Anatomical Variants of Renal Vessels;57 1.5.2.4;2.4 Normal Radiological Anatomy of the Urinary Tract and Anatomical Variants;62 1.5.2.4.1;2.4.1 Excretory Urography and Anterograde and Retrograde Pyelography;62 1.5.2.4.2;2.4.2 CT Urography;63 1.5.2.4.3;2.4.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging and MR Urography;63 1.5.2.4.4;2.4.4 Anatomical Variants of the Urinary Tract;67 1.5.2.5;2.5 Appendix: Basic Morphological Changes of the Intrarenal Urinary Tract Visible on Intravenous Excretory Urography and Mult;76 1.5.2.6;References;84 1.5.3;3: Normal Radiological Anatomy of the Retroperitoneum;86 1.5.3.1;3.1 Normal Anatomy of Retroperitoneum;86 1.5.3.2;References;90 1.6;Part II:Imaging and Interventional Modalities;91 1.6.1;4: Ultrasound of the Kidney;92 1.6.1.1;4.1 Technology;93 1.6.1.2;4.2 Ultrasound Scanning Technique of the Kidneys;95 1.6.1.2.1;4.2.1 Gray-Scale Ultrasound;95 1.6.1.2.1.1;4.2.1.1 Normal Anatomy;95 1.6.1.2.1.2;4.2.1.2 Fundamental Alterations of Renal Echogenicity;97 1.6.1.2.1.3;4.2.1.3 Solid and Cystic Renal Tumors;98 1.6.1.2.2;4.2.2 Color and Power Doppler Ultrasound;106 1.6.1.2.2.1;4.2.2.1 Normal Anatomy;106 1.6.1.2.2.2;4.2.2.2 Fundamental Alterations of Renal Parenchyma Vascularity;108 1.6.1.2.2.3;4.2.2.3 Renal Tumors;109 1.6.1.2.2.4;4.2.2.4 Assessment of Renal Vessels;111 1.6.1.3;4.3 Clinical Indications for Renal Ultrasound Examination;116 1.6.1.4;4.4 Microbubble Contrast Agents and Contrast-Specific Ultrasound Techniques;117 1.6.1.4.1;4.4.1 Chemical Composition of Microbubble Contrast Agents;118 1.6.1.4.2;4.4.2 Safety;119 1.6.1.4.3;4.4.3 Insonation Power;120 1.6.1.4.4;4.4.4 Contrast-Specific Ultrasound Techniques;120 1.6.1.5;4.5 Dynamic