1;Preface;5 2;Contents;6 3;List of Contributors;7 4;1 Introduction;9 5;Fundamentals;12 5.1;2 Historical Highlights in the Development of Urethral Surgery;13 5.2;3 Anatomy and Blood Supply of the Urethra and Penis;19 5.2.1;3.1 Structure of the Penis;20 5.2.2;3.2 Deep Fascia (Buck's);20 5.2.3;3.3 Subcutaneous Tissue (Dartos Fascia);21 5.2.4;3.4 Skin;21 5.2.5;3.5 Urethra;21 5.2.6;3.6 Superficial Arterial Supply;21 5.2.7;3.7 Superficial Venous Drainage;22 5.2.8;3.8 Planes of Cleavage;22 5.2.9;3.9 Deep Arterial System;23 5.2.10;3.10 Intermediate Venous System;24 5.2.11;3.11 Deep Venous System;25 5.2.12;References;25 5.3;4 Fundamentals and Principles of Tissue Transfer;27 5.3.1;4.1 Tissue Composition and Physical Characteristics;28 5.3.1.1;4.1.1 Tissue Composition;28 5.3.1.2;4.1.2 Vascularity;29 5.3.1.3;4.1.3 Tissue Characteristics;29 5.3.2;4.2 Tissue Transfer Techniques;30 5.3.2.1;4.2.1 Grafts;30 5.3.2.2;4.2.2 Flaps;32 5.3.3;4.3 Conclusion;35 5.3.4;References;35 5.4;5 Tissue Engineering - The Future of Urethral Reconstructive Surgery?;37 5.4.1;5.1 Introduction;38 5.4.2;5.2 Body Material;38 5.4.3;5.3 Synthetic Materials;38 5.4.3.1;5.3.1 Animal Studies;38 5.4.3.2;5.3.2 Synthetic Materials;38 5.4.3.3;5.3.3 Acellular Tissue;38 5.4.4;5.4 Clinical Trials;40 5.4.5;5.5 Conclusion;40 5.4.6;References;41 5.5;6 Hypospadia Repair: The Past and the Present - Also the Future?;43 5.5.1;6.1 Introduction;44 5.5.2;6.2 Incidence and Indication;44 5.5.3;6.3 Results;48 5.5.4;6.4 Hypospadia Cripples;48 5.5.5;6.5 Conclusion;48 5.5.6;References;49 5.6;7 Urethral Reconstruction in Women;51 5.6.1;7.1 Urethral Function;52 5.6.2;7.2 Etiology of Urethral dysfunction;52 5.6.2.1;7.2.1 Neural Causes;52 5.6.2.2;7.2.2 Loss of Both Continence and Conduit Function Related to Neural Dysfunction;52 5.6.3;7.3 The Relationship Between Upper Tract Function and Outlet Resistance;54 5.6.4;7.4 Diagnosis of Proximal Urethral Failure;54 5.6.5;7.5 Surgical Techniques for Creation of a Competent Proximal Urethral Sphincter;55 5.6.6;7.6 Urethral Injury, Tissue Loss, and Erosion;56 5.6.6.1;7.6.1 Etiology;56 5.6.6.2;7.6.2 Inability to Catheterize per Urethra;57 5.6.6.3;7.6.3 Surgical Repair;57 5.6.6.4;7.6.4 Urethral Closure;57 5.6.6.5;7.6.5 Failure of Urethral Closure;59 5.6.6.6;7.6.6 Posterior Urethral Erosion and Tissue Loss;59 5.6.7;7.7 Procedure;59 5.6.7.1;7.7.1 Intrinsic Sphincter Deficiency;59 5.6.7.2;7.7.2 Pseudodiverticula;62 5.6.7.3;7.7.3 Primary Urethral Obstruction;63 5.6.8;7.8 Urethral Problems After Stress Incontinence Surgery;64 5.6.9;References;66 5.7;8 A Current Overview of the Treatment of Urethral Strictures: Etiology, Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Classification, and Principles of Repair;67 5.7.1;8.1 Urethral Strictures;68 5.7.1.1;8.1.1 Pathophysiology;68 5.7.1.2;8.1.2 Congenital Urethral Strictures;68 5.7.1.3;8.1.3 Acquired Urethral Strictures;68 5.7.2;8.2 Diagnosis and Evaluation of Urethral Strictures;70 5.7.3;8.3 Reconstructive Surgical Techniques;72 5.7.3.1;8.3.1 Visualization;72 5.7.3.2;8.3.2 Cautery;72 5.7.3.3;8.3.3 Instrumentation;72 5.7.3.4;8.3.4 Sutures;72 5.7.3.5;8.3.5 Surgical Positions;72 5.7.4;References;73 6;Therapy, Principles;75 6.1;9 The Acute Posterior Urethral Injury;77 6.1.1;9.1 Anatomy and Pathogenesis of the Urethral Injury;78 6.1.2;9.3 Diagnosis;80 6.1.3;9.4 Treatment;80 6.1.3.1;9.4.1 Surgical Technique: Early Realignment;81 6.1.3.2;9.4.2 Surgical Technique: Delayed Reconstruction;81 6.1.4;9.5 Results;82 6.1.5;9.6 Conclusion;83 6.1.6;References;83 6.2;10 The Endoscopic Treatment of Post-Traumatic Membranous Urethral Strictures;85 6.2.1;References;88 6.3;11 Endoscopic Realignment of Post-Traumatic Membranous Urethral Disruption;89 6.3.1;References;93 6.4;12 The Role of Bouginage, Visual Urethrotomy, and Stents Today;95 6.4.1;12.1 Visual Urethrotomy;96 6.4.2;12.2 Bouginage;97 6.4.3;12.3 Urethral Stents;98 6.4.4;References;99 6.5;13 Alternative Endourological Techniques in the Treatment of Urethral Strictures - Review of the Current Literatu