Science of Synthesis: Houben-Weyl Methods of Molecular Transformations is the entirely new edition of the acclaimed reference series Houben-Weyl, the standard synthetic chemistry resource since 1909. This new edition is published in English and will comprise 48 volumes published between the years 2000 and 2008.

Science of Synthesis is a quality reference work developed by a highly esteemed editorial board to provide a comprehensive and critical selection of reliable organic and organometallic synthetic methods. This unique resource is designed to be the first point of reference when searching for a synthesis strategy.

• Contains the expertise of presently 450 leading chemists worldwide.
• Critically evaluates the preparative applicability and significance of the synthetic methods.
• Discusses relevant background information and provides detailed experimental procedures

For full information on the Science of Synthesis series, visit the Science of Synthesis Homepage.

Series Editors: D. Bellus, S. V. Ley, R. Noyori, M. Regitz, E. Schaumann, I. Shinkai, E. J. Thomas, B. M. Trost, P. J. Reider

1;Science of Synthesis - Volume 13: Five-Membered Hetarenes with Three or More Heteroatoms;1 1.1;Title page;3 1.2;Imprint;5 1.3;Preface;6 1.4;Volume Editor's Preface;8 1.5;Overview;10 1.6;Table of Contents;14 1.7;Introduction;62 1.8;13.1 Product Class 1: 1,2,5-Oxathiazoles, 1,2,3-Dithiazoles, and Related Compounds;70 1.8.1;13.1.1 Product Subclass 1: Annulated 1,2,5-Oxathiazoles;70 1.8.1.1;13.1.1.1 Synthesis by Ring-Closure Reactions;71 1.8.1.1.1;13.1.1.1.1 By Formation of Two O--S Bonds and One S--C Bond, or One O--S, One S--S, and One S--C Bond;71 1.8.1.1.1.1;13.1.1.1.1.1 Method 1: 1,6-Dioxa-6a.4-thia-2,5-diazapentalenes and 1-Oxa-6,6a.4-dithia-2,5-diazapentalenes from 1,3-Dioximes;71 1.8.2;13.1.2 Product Subclass 2: Monocyclic 1,2,3-Dithiazoles;73 1.8.2.1;13.1.2.1 Synthesis by Ring-Closure Reactions;75 1.8.2.1.1;13.1.2.1.1 By Formation of One S--N and One S--C Bond;75 1.8.2.1.1.1;13.1.2.1.1.1 Method 1: Appel's Salt from Acetonitrile and Sulfur Monochloride;75 1.8.2.2;13.1.2.2 Synthesis by Substituent Modification;76 1.8.2.2.1;13.1.2.2.1 Method 1: From Appel's Salt and Substituted Phenols or Hydrazines ;76 1.8.3;13.1.3 Product Subclass 3: Annulated 1,2,3-Dithiazoles;77 1.8.3.1;13.1.3.1 Synthesis by Ring-Closure Reactions;79 1.8.3.1.1;13.1.3.1.1 By Formation of One S--S and One S--N Bond;80 1.8.3.1.1.1;13.1.3.1.1.1 Method 1: 1,2,3-Benzodithiazolium Salts from 2-Aminobenzenethiols and Thionyl Chloride;80 1.8.3.1.2;13.1.3.1.2 By Formation of One S--N and One S--C Bond;81 1.8.3.1.2.1;13.1.3.1.2.1 Method 1: 1,2,3-Benzodithiazolium Salts (Herz Salts) from Arylamines and Sulfur Monochloride;81 1.8.3.1.2.2;13.1.3.1.2.2 Method 2: Heteroannulated Herz Salts from Heteroaromatic Amines and Sulfur Monochloride: Synthesis by Annulation to a Heterocyclic Ring;82 1.8.3.2;13.1.3.2 Aromatization;84 1.8.3.2.1;13.1.3.2.1 Method 1: 1,2,3-Benzodithiazolium Salts by Oxidation of Benzodithiazolyl Radicals;84 1.8.3.2.2;13.1.3.2.2 Method 2: 1,2,3-Benzodithiazolium Salts by Dehydration of 3H-1,2,3-Benzodithiazole 2-Oxides;84 1.8.3.3;13.1.3.3 Synthesis by Substituent Modification;85 1.8.3.3.1;13.1.3.3.1 Method 1: From Other 1,2,3-Benzodithiazolium Salts and Amines;85 1.9;13.2 Product Class 2: 1,2,4-Dioxazoles, 1,2,4-Oxathiazoles, and 1,2,4-Dithiazoles;90 1.9.1;13.2.1 Product Subclass 1: Monocyclic 1,2,4-Dithiazoles;90 1.9.1.1;13.2.1.1 Synthesis by Ring-Closure Reactions;95 1.9.1.1.1;13.2.1.1.1 By Formation of One S--S Bond, Two S--C Bonds, and One N--C Bond;95 1.9.1.1.1.1;13.2.1.1.1.1 Method 1: 1,2,4-Dithiazolium Salts from Nitriles and Phosphorus Pentasulfide;95 1.9.1.1.2;13.2.1.1.2 By Formation of One S--S and Two S--C Bonds;96 1.9.1.1.2.1;13.2.1.1.2.1 Method 1: 3,5-Diaryl-1,2,4-dithiazolium Salts from 1,3-Dichloro-2-azoniaallene Salts and Hydrogen Sulfide;96 1.9.1.1.3;13.2.1.1.3 By Formation of One S--S and One S--N Bond;97 1.9.1.1.3.1;13.2.1.1.3.1 Method 1: 3,5-Diaryl-1,2,4-dithiazolium Salts by Oxidation of Aryl Thioamides;97 1.9.1.1.3.1.1;13.2.1.1.3.1.1 Variation 1: Symmetrical 3,5-Diaryl-1,2,4-dithiazolium Salts;97 1.9.1.1.3.1.2;13.2.1.1.3.1.2 Variation 2: 3,5-Diaryl-1,2,4-Dithiazolium Salts by Oxidation of N-Thioaroyl Formamides and Formamidines;98 1.9.1.1.3.1.3;13.2.1.1.3.1.3 Variation 3: Unsymmetrically Substituted 3,5-Diaryl-1,2,4-dithiazolium Salts from Aryl Thioamide S-Oxides and Thiobenzoic Acid Derivatives;99 1.9.1.1.3.1.4;13.2.1.1.3.1.4 Variation 4: Unsymmetrically Substituted 3,5-Diaryl-1,2,4-dithiazolium Salts from the Oxidative Cyclization of Thiobenzamides;100 1.9.1.1.4;13.2.1.1.4 By Formation of One S--S and One S--C Bond;101 1.9.1.1.4.1;13.2.1.1.4.1 Method 1: 1,2,4-Dithiazolium Salts from N-Acylthiourea Derivatives;101 1.9.1.1.4.1.1;13.2.1.1.4.1.1 Variation 1: 3-Amino-5-aryl-1,2,4-dithiazolium Salts by Oxidation of N-Acylthiourea Derivatives;101 1.9.1.1.4.1.2;13.2.1.1.4.1.2 Variation 2: 3-Amino-5-aryl-1,2,4-dithiazolium Salts from Transition-Metal-Coordinated N-Acylthioureas and Thionyl Chlor