1;Foreword;6 2;Table of contents;8 3;Abstract;11 4;List of figures;12 5;List of tables;13 6;List of abbreviations;14 7;1 Introduction;15 7.1;1.1 Research context and problem statement;15 7.2;1.2 Research objective;16 7.3;1.3 Structure of the thesis;17 8;2 Theoretical background;18 8.1;2.1 Disruptive innovation concept;18 8.1.1;2.1.1 Terminology and conceptualization of disruptive innovation;18 8.1.2;2.1.2 The role of business models in disruptive innovation;20 8.2;2.2 Business model concept;22 8.2.1;2.2.1 Conceptualization of business models;22 8.2.2;2.2.2 Business model as an activity system;24 8.3;2.3 Business model innovation concept;26 8.3.1;2.3.1 Conceptualization and classification of business model innovation;27 8.3.2;2.3.2 Business model innovation as a process vs. outcome;29 8.3.3;2.3.3 Artifacts for business model innovation;31 8.4;2.4 Synopsis and research question;39 9;3 Design science research;42 9.1;3.1 Overall research design;42 9.1.1;3.1.1 Research paradigm;42 9.1.2;3.1.2 Research method;44 9.2;3.2 Exploratory research design;49 9.2.1;3.2.1 Exploratory research method;50 9.2.2;3.2.2 Sampling;52 9.2.3;3.2.3 Data collection and preparation;53 9.2.4;3.2.4 Data analysis;54 10;4 Results and discussion of exploratory research;57 10.1;4.1 Results;57 10.1.1;4.1.1 Descriptive analysis;57 10.1.2;4.1.2 Content analysis;61 10.1.2.1;4.1.2.1 Problem identification and objective of a solution;61 10.1.2.2;4.1.2.2 Business model patterns for disruptive innovations;64 10.2;4.2 Discussion;69 10.2.1;4.2.1 Purpose and scope;69 10.2.2;4.2.2 Justificatory knowledge;73 10.2.3;4.2.3 Principles of form and function;75 11;5 Prescriptive research design;76 11.1;5.1 Design construction;76 11.1.1;5.1.1 Design as a search process;76 11.1.2;5.1.2 Design as an artifact;78 11.2;5.2 Design evaluation;79 11.2.1;5.2.1 Design evaluation method;79 11.2.2;5.2.2 Sampling;80 11.2.3;5.2.3 Data collection and preparation;81 11.2.4;5.2.4 Data analysis;81 11.2.5;5.2.5 Role of the researcher;82 12;6 Results and discussion of prescriptive research;83 12.1;6.1 Results;83 12.1.1;6.1.1 Design construction: low-resolution artifact;83 12.1.2;6.1.2 Design evaluation;88 12.1.3;6.1.3 Design (re)construction and communication;89 12.2;6.2 Discussion;95 12.2.1;6.2.1 Principles of implementation;95 12.2.2;6.2.2 Testable propositions;97 12.2.3;6.2.3 Constructs and expository instantiation;97 12.2.4;6.2.4 Artifact mutability;98 13;7 Conclusion;100 13.1;7.1 Contribution;100 13.1.1;7.1.1 Contribution to theory;100 13.1.2;7.1.2 Contribution to practice;102 13.1.3;7.1.3 Contribution to methodology;102 13.2;7.2 Limitations;102 13.3;7.3 Further research;104 13.4;7.4 Concluding remarks;105 14;References;106 15;Appendices;124 15.1;Appendix 1: Coding structure;124 15.2;Appendix 2: Pattern matrix;196 15.3;Appendix 3: HMW brainstorming questions on problems organizations encounter when designing business models for disruption;199 15.4;Appendix 4: Decision matrix for ideation stage;208 15.5;Appendix 5: Design Thinking evaluation workshop, Minutes;212 15.6;Appendix 6: Elements of the Design Theory for BMI in the context of DI;215