Chapter 1: The fundamentals of solar energy photocatalysis<br>1.1 Background<br>1.2 History of solar energy photocatalysis<br>1.3 Fundamental principles of solar energy photocatalysis<br>1.3.1 Basic mechanisms for solar energy photocatalysis<br>1.3.2 Thermodynamic requirements for solar energy photocatalysis<br>1.3.3 Dynamics requirements for solar energy photocatalysis<br>1.4 Design, development and modification of semiconductor photocatalysts<br>1.4.1 Design principles of semiconductor photocatalysts<br>1.4.2 Classification of semiconductor photocatalysts<br>1.4.3 Modification strategies of semiconductor photocatalysts<br>1.4.4 Development approaches of novel semiconductor photocatalysts<br>1.5 Processes and evaluation of solar energy photocatalysis<br>1.5.1 Processes of solar energy photocatalysis<br>1.5.1.1 photocatalytic water splitting<br>1.5.1.2 photocatalytic CO2 reduction<br>1.5.1.3 photocatalytic degradation<br>1.5.2 Evaluation of solar energy photocatalysis<br>1.6 The scope of this book<br> <br>Chapter 2: Heterojunction systems for photocatalysis<br>2.1 Introduction<br>2.2 Classification of heterojunction photocatalysts<br>2.2.1 Type-II heterojunction photocatalysts<br>2.2.2 p-n junction photocatalysts<br>2.2.3 Surface junction photocatalysts<br>2.2.4 Direct Z-scheme photocatalysts<br>2.2.5 S-scheme photocatalysts<br>2.3 Evaluation of the heterojunction photocatalysts<br>2.3.1 Band structure<br>2.3.1.1 Light absorption ability<br>2.3.1.2 Reduction and oxidation ability<br>2.3.1.3 Identification of major charge carriers<br>2.3.2 Charge carrier separation efficiency<br>2.3.2.1 Electrochemical test<br>2.3.2.2 Optical spectroscopy<br>2.3.3 Charge carrier migration mechanism<br>2.3.3.1 Metal loading<br>2.3.3.2 Reactive oxygen species trapping<br>2.3.3.3 In situ irradiated XPS<br>2.4 Applications<br>2.4.1 Photocatalytic water splitting<br>2.4.2 Photocatalytic CO2 reduction<br>2.4.3 Photocatalytic N2 fixation<br>2.4.4 Photocatalytic environmental remediation<br>2.4.5 Photocatalytic disinfection<br>2.5 Summary and Future Perspective<br> <br>Chapter 3: Graphene-based photocatalysts<br>3.1 Introduction<br>3.2 Graphene and its derivatives<br>3.2.1 Graphene oxide<br>3.2.2 Reduced graphene oxide<br>3.2.3 Graphene quantum dot<br>3.3 General preparation techniques of graphene in photocatalysis<br>3.3.1 Chemical exfoliation<br>3.3.2 Chemical vapor deposition<br>3.4 General advantages of graphene<br>3.4.1 Conductor behavior<br>3.4.2 Photothermal effect<br>3.4.3 Large specific surface area<br>3.4.4 Enhancing photostability<br>3.4.5 Improving nanoparticle dispersion<br>3.5 Characterization methods<br>3.5.1 Transmission electron microscopy<br>3.5.2 Atomic force microscopy<br>3.5.3 Raman spectroscopy<br>3.5.4 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy<br>3.6 Recent development in graphene-based photocatalysts<br>3.6.1 Metal oxide<br>3.6.2 Metal sulfide<br>3.6.3 Non-metal semiconductor<br>3.6.4 Metal-organic framework<br>3.7 Summary and concluding remarks<br> <br>Chapter 4: Metal sulfide semiconductor photocatalysts<br>4.1 Introduction<br>4.2 General view of metal sulfide photocatalysts<br>4.3 Synthesis of metal sulfide photocatalysts<br>4.3.1 Solution-based method<br>4.3.1.1 Hydrothermal method<br>4.3.1.2 Solvothermal method<br>4.3.2 Chemical bath deposition<br>4.3.3 Template method<br>4.3.4 Ion exchange method<br>4.3.5 Other synthetic methods<br>4.4 CdS-based photocatalysts<br>4.4.1 Crystal structures and morphology<br>4.4.1.1 Zero-dimensional structure<br>4.4.1.2 One-dimensional structure<br>4.4.1.3 Two-dimensional structure<br>4.4.1.4 Three-dimensional structure<br>4.4.2 Construction of CdS-based nanocomposite photocatalysts<br>4.4.2.1 CdS cocatalyst heterojunctions<br>4.4.2.2 CdS-based type II heterojunctions<br>4.4.2.3 CdS-based Z-scheme heterojunctions<br>4.4.2.4 CdS-based S-scheme heterojunctions<br>4.5 In2S3-based photocatalysts<br>4.5.1 Crystal structure and electronic properties<br>4.5.2 Morphology of In2S3 photocatalyst<