1;Preface;5 2;Acknowledgements;7 3;Contents;10 4;1 Solid-State Fermentation Bioreactor Fundamentals: Introduction and Overview;38 4.1;1.1 What Is "Solid-State Fermentation"?;38 4.2;1.2 Why Should We Be Interested in SSF?;40 4.3;1.3 What Are the Current and Potential Applications of SSF?;42 4.4;1.4 Why Do We Need a Book on the Fundamentals of SSF Bioreactors?;43 4.5;1.5 How Is this Book Organized?;45 5;2 The Bioreactor Step of SSF: A Complex Interaction of Phenomena;50 5.1;2.1 The Need for a Qualitative Understanding of SSF;50 5.2;2.2 The General Steps of an SSF Process;51 5.3;2.3 The Bioreactor Step of an SSF Process;53 5.4;2.4 The Physical Structure of SSF Bioreactor Systems;54 5.4.1;2.4.1 A Macroscale View of the Phases in an SSF Bioreactor;54 5.4.2;2.4.2 A Microscale Snapshot of the Substrate Bed;57 5.5;2.5 A Dynamic View of the Processes Occurring;59 5.5.1;2.5.1 A Dynamic View with a Time Scale of Seconds to Minutes;59 5.5.2;2.5.2 A Dynamic View with a Time Scale of Hours to Days;61 5.6;2.6 Where Has this Description Led Us?;68 5.7;Further Reading;69 6;3 Introduction to Solid-State Fermentation Bioreactors;70 6.1;3.1 Introduction;70 6.2;3.2 Bioreactor Selection and Design: General Questions;71 6.2.1;3.2.1 The Crucial Questions;72 6.2.2;3.2.2 Other Questions to Consider;73 6.3;3.3 Overview of Bioreactor Types;75 6.3.1;3.3.1 Basic Design Features of the Various Bioreactor Types;75 6.3.2;3.3.2 Overview of Operating Variables;77 6.4;3.4 A Guide for Bioreactor Selection;78 6.5;Further Reading;80 7;4 Basics of Heat and Mass Transfer in Solid-State Fermentation Bioreactors;82 7.1;4.1 Introduction;82 7.2;4.2 An Overall Balance Over the Bioreactor;82 7.3;4.3 Looking Within the Bioreactor in More Detail;84 7.3.1;4.3.1 Phenomena Within Subsystems Within the Bioreactor;84 7.3.2;4.3.2 Transfer Between Subsystems When the Substrate Bed Is Treated as a Single Pseudo- Homogeneous Phase;87 7.3.3;4.3.3 Transfer Between Subsystems When the Substrate Bed Is Treated as Two Separate Phases;88 7.3.4;4.3.4 Bulk Gas Flow Patterns and Pressure Drops;90 7.3.5;4.3.5 Mixing Patterns in Agitated Beds of Solids;93 7.4;Further Reading;93 8;5 The Scale-up Challenge for SSF Bioreactors;94 8.1;5.1 Introduction;94 8.2;5.2 The Challenges Faced at Large Scale in SLF and SSF;94 8.3;5.3 The Reason Why Scale-up Is not Simple;95 8.4;5.4 Approaches to Scale-up of SSF Bioreactors;100 8.5;Further Reading;101 9;6 Group I Bioreactors: Unaerated and Unmixed;102 9.1;6.1 Basic Features, Design, and Operating Variables for Tray- type Bioreactors;102 9.2;6.2 Use of Bag Systems in Modern Processes;103 9.3;6.3 Heat and Mass Transfer in Tray Bioreactors;104 9.3.1;6.3.1 Oxygen Profiles Within Trays;104 9.3.2;6.3.2 Temperature Profiles Within Trays;106 9.3.3;6.3.3 Insights from Dynamic Modeling of Trays;108 9.4;6.4 Conclusions;112 9.5;Further Reading;113 10;7 Group II Bioreactors: Forcefully-Aerated Bioreactors Without Mixing;114 10.1;7.1 Introduction;114 10.2;7.2 Basic Features, Design, and Operating Variables for Packed- Bed Bioreactors;114 10.3;7.3 Experimental Insights into Packed-Bed Operation;118 10.3.1;7.3.1 Large-Scale Packed-Beds;119 10.3.2;7.3.2 Pilot-Scale Packed-Beds;120 10.3.3;7.3.3 Laboratory-Scale Packed-Beds;121 10.4;7.4 Conclusions on Packed-Bed Bioreactors;130 10.5;Further Reading;131 11;8 Group III: Rotating-Drum and Stirred-Drum Bioreactors;132 11.1;8.1 Introduction;132 11.2;8.2 Basic Features, Design, and Operating Variables for Group III Bioreactors;132 11.3;8.3 Experimental Insights into the Operation of Group III Bioreactors;135 11.4;8.4 Insights into Mixing and Transport Phenomena in Group III Bioreactors;141 11.5;8.5 Conclusions on Rotating-Drum and Stirred-Drum Bioreactors;149 12;9 Group IVa: Continuously-Mixed, Forcefully- Aerated Bioreactors;152 12.1;9.1 Introduction;152 12.2;9.2 Basic Features, Design, and Operating Variables of Group IVa Bioreactors;152 12.3;9.3 Where Continuously-Agitated, Forcefully-Aerated Bioreactors Have Been Used;154 12.4;9.4