1;Solid State Gas Sensors - Industrial Application;3 1.1;Aims and Scope;5 1.2;Preface;7 1.2.1;Stakeholders in Gas Sensing;7 1.2.2;Development of a New Gas Sensing Technology;7 1.2.3;Implementation of a New Gas Sensing Application;8 1.2.4;Better Communication Amongst the Stakeholders Is Needed;9 1.3;Contents;11 1.4;Part I: Requirements on Sensing ;13 1.4.1;Future Building Gas Sensing Applications;14 1.4.1.1;1 Vision of Sustainable Built Environment;15 1.4.1.2;2 The Role of Sensing Applications in Next Generation Building;16 1.4.1.3;3 Sensing Need for Specific Applications;20 1.4.1.3.1;3.1 Comfort;20 1.4.1.3.2;3.2 Health;20 1.4.1.3.3;3.3 Energy Management Applications;20 1.4.1.3.4;3.4 Security;21 1.4.1.3.5;3.5 Life Safety;21 1.4.1.4;4 Building That Knows You and Your Physical Environment;22 1.4.1.5;5 Carbon and Sustainability Footprint;22 1.4.1.6;6 Conclusion;23 1.4.1.7;References;23 1.4.2;Requirements for Gas Sensors in Automotive Air Quality Applications;24 1.4.2.1;1 Introduction;25 1.4.2.2;2 Technical Specification;26 1.4.2.2.1;2.1 Functional Requirements;26 1.4.2.2.2;2.2 Sensor Signal Conditioning;28 1.4.2.2.2.1;2.2.1 Conditioning of an Analog Output Signal;28 1.4.2.2.2.2;2.2.2 Conditioning of a Pulse-Width Modulated Output Signal;30 1.4.2.2.2.3;2.2.3 Conditioning of an LIN Output Signal;31 1.4.2.3;3 Automotive Suitability;33 1.4.2.3.1;3.1 Electrical Requirements;33 1.4.2.3.2;3.2 EMC Qualification;35 1.4.2.3.3;3.3 Mechanical, Climatic, and Lifetime Qualification;36 1.4.2.3.4;3.4 Chemical Qualification;40 1.4.2.4;4 Implementation in the Automotive Air Conditioning System;40 1.4.2.4.1;4.1 Detection of the Air Quality in the Vehicle Exterior;40 1.4.2.4.2;4.2 Detection of the Air Quality Inside the Vehicle;42 1.4.2.5;5 Conclusion;44 1.4.2.6;References;44 1.4.3;Automotive Hydrogen Sensors: Current and Future Requirements;45 1.4.3.1;1 Introduction;45 1.4.3.2;2 Hydrogen Sensor Modules in Chevrolet Equinox Fuel Cell;46 1.4.3.2.1;2.1 Ambient Hydrogen Concentration Sensor Module (AHS);46 1.4.3.2.2;2.2 Exhaust Hydrogen Concentration Sensor Module (EHS);46 1.4.3.3;3 Future Requirements;47 1.4.4;Requirements for Fire Detectors;49 1.4.4.1;1 Theory;50 1.4.4.2;2 Applications;51 1.4.4.2.1;2.1 Introduction;51 1.4.4.2.2;2.2 Proven Technologies;52 1.4.4.2.2.1;2.2.1 Ionization Sensors;52 1.4.4.2.2.2;2.2.2 Optical Smoke Sensors;52 1.4.4.2.2.3;2.2.3 Heat Sensors;54 1.4.4.2.2.4;2.2.4 Interim Results;54 1.4.4.2.2.5;2.2.5 Gas Detection;54 1.4.4.2.2.6;2.2.6 Electrochemical Cell Based;55 1.4.4.2.2.7;2.2.7 Semiconductor Based;55 1.4.4.2.3;2.3 Perspective to the Future;56 1.4.4.3;3 Standardization;56 1.4.4.3.1;3.1 Introduction;56 1.4.4.3.2;3.2 Standardization at ISO-Level;57 1.4.4.3.3;3.3 Standardization at CEN-Level;57 1.4.4.3.4;3.4 Other Regulation Bodies;59 1.4.4.4;References;60 1.5;Part II: Sensor Principles ;61 1.5.1;The Power of Nanomaterial Approaches in Gas Sensors;62 1.5.1.1;1 Introduction;63 1.5.1.2;2 Deposition Techniques and Growth Mechanisms;64 1.5.1.2.1;2.1 Vapor Phase Growth;65 1.5.1.2.2;2.2 Solution Phase Growth;66 1.5.1.2.3;2.3 Devices Fabrication;68 1.5.1.3;3 Electrical Properties;69 1.5.1.4;4 Working Principles;71 1.5.1.5;5 DC Conductometric Gas Sensors;72 1.5.1.5.1;5.1 Single Nanowire Devices;72 1.5.1.5.2;5.2 Multiple Nanowire Devices;75 1.5.1.6;6 SNT-Based Sensors;78 1.5.1.7;7 PL-Based Sensors;80 1.5.1.7.1;7.1 SnO2;81 1.5.1.7.2;7.2 ZnO;82 1.5.1.8;8 Conclusions and Future Challenges;83 1.5.1.9;References;84 1.5.2;Theory and Application of Suspended Gate FET Gas Sensors;88 1.5.2.1;1 Introduction;91 1.5.2.2;2 Principles of Operation;93 1.5.2.2.1;2.1 Gas Adsorption on Solids;93 1.5.2.2.2;2.2 The Work Function;94 1.5.2.2.3;2.3 Work Function Change Caused by Gas Adsorption;95 1.5.2.3;3 Transducer Concepts;97 1.5.2.3.1;3.1 The Lundström FET;97 1.5.2.3.2;3.2 The Suspended Gate FET;98 1.5.2.3.3;3.3 The Hybrid Suspended Gate FET;99 1.5.2.3.4;3.4 The Floating Gate FET (FG-FET);100 1.5.2.4;4 The FET-Based Hydrogen Sensor;101 1.5.2.4.1;4.1 Requi