1;Spine Trauma;11.1;Preface;51.2;Acknowledgment;61.3;Contents;71.4;Part 1: Cervical;101.4.1;1: Cervical Spinal Stability and Decision Making;111.4.1.1;1.1 Introduction;111.4.1.2;1.2 Cervical Stability;111.4.1.3;1.3 Classification Systems;121.4.1.3.1;1.3.1 Holdsworth;121.4.1.3.2;1.3.2 Mechanistic Systems;121.4.1.3.3;1.3.3 White and Panjabi;131.4.1.3.4;1.3.4 AO (Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen) System;131.4.1.4;1.4 Advances in Cervical Trauma Classification;141.4.1.4.1;1.4.1 Cervical Spine Injury Severity Score;141.4.1.4.2;1.4.2 Subaxial Cervical Spine Injury Classification (SLIC);141.4.1.5;1.5 Summary: Critical Clinical Variables;171.4.1.6;1.6 Conclusions;171.4.1.7;References;171.4.2;2: Clearing the Cervical Spine;181.4.2.1;2.1 Introduction;181.4.2.2;2.2 Cervical Spine Clearance: Definition, Rationale, Objectives;191.4.2.3;2.3 Cervical Spine Clearance: Patient Groups;191.4.2.3.1;2.3.1 Group I (Asymptomatic);201.4.2.3.2;2.3.2 Group II (Symptomatic);201.4.2.3.3;2.3.3 Group III (Nonevaluable);211.4.2.4;2.4 Patient Management Before and During Cervical Spine Clearance;221.4.2.5;2.5 Clinical Clearance of the Cervical Spine;221.4.2.5.1;2.5.1 History;221.4.2.5.2;2.5.2 Physical Examination;231.4.2.6;2.6 Imaging Clearance of the Cervical Spine;241.4.2.6.1;2.6.1 Plain Radiography;241.4.2.6.2;2.6.2 Flexion-Extension Radiography;261.4.2.6.3;2.6.3 Dynamic Fluoroscopy;261.4.2.6.4;2.6.4 Computed Tomography;261.4.2.6.5;2.6.5 Magnetic Resonance Imaging;271.4.2.7;2.7 Current Cervical Spine Clearance Guidelines;271.4.2.7.1;2.7.1 ATLS Recommendations;271.4.2.7.2;2.7.2 EAST Guidelines;291.4.2.7.3;2.7.3 NEXUS Guidelines;301.4.2.7.4;2.7.4 Canadian C-Spine Rule;301.4.2.7.5;2.7.5 Obtunded Patient Clearance Protocols;311.4.2.7.6;2.7.6 Authors' Cervical Spine Clearance Algorithm;321.4.2.8;2.8 Summary and Conclusions;341.4.2.9;References;361.4.3;3: Imaging of Spinal Trauma;391.4.3.1;3.1 Introduction;391.4.3.2;3.2 To Image or Not To Image the Cervical Spine?;391.4.3.2.1;3.2.1 Who Should Be Imaged?;401.4.3.2.2;How Should We Image the Cervical Spine?;421.4.3.2.3;3.2.3 Ligamentous/Soft Tissue Evaluation;461.4.3.3;3.3 Special Considerations;471.4.3.3.1;3.3.1 Pediatric Patients;471.4.3.3.2;3.3.2 Elderly Patients;491.4.3.3.3;3.3.3 The Ankylotic Spine;501.4.3.3.4;3.3.4 The Athlete;501.4.3.3.5;3.3.5 Neurovascular Injury;511.4.3.4;3.4 Cervical Spine Injury;531.4.3.4.1;3.4.1 Normal Cervical Spine Radiographs;531.4.3.4.2;3.4.2 Mechanisms of Injury;551.4.3.4.2.1;3.4.2.1 Axial Load: Occipital Condyle Fractures;561.4.3.4.2.2;3.4.2.2 Axial Load: Jefferson Burst Fracture;581.4.3.4.2.3;3.4.2.3 Axial Load: Cervical Burst Fracture;591.4.3.4.2.4;3.4.2.4 Hyperflexion: Hyperflexion Sprain;601.4.3.4.2.5;3.4.2.5 Hyperflexion: Bilateral Facet Dislocation;621.4.3.4.2.6;3.4.2.6 Hyperflexion: Hyperflexion Teardrop;641.4.3.4.2.7;3.4.2.7 Hyperflexion: Wedge Compression Fracture;641.4.3.4.2.8;3.4.2.8 Hyperflexion: Clay Shoveler's Fracture;641.4.3.4.2.9;3.4.2.9 Hyperflexion with Rotation: Unilateral Facet Dislocation;641.4.3.4.2.10;3.4.2.10 Hyperextension: Dens Fractures;661.4.3.4.2.11;3.4.2.11 Hyperextension: Hangman's Fracture;681.4.3.4.2.12;3.4.2.12 Hyperextension: Hyperextension Teardrop;691.4.3.4.2.13;3.4.2.13 Hyperextension: Hyperextension Avulsion of Anterior Arch of C1;701.4.3.4.2.14;3.4.2.14 Hyperextension: Hyperextension Sprain/Fracture Dislocation;701.4.3.5;3.5 Injury to the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine;711.4.3.5.1;3.5.1 Indications for Imaging;711.4.3.5.2;3.5.2 Concept of Thoracic and Lumbar Fracture Stability;711.4.3.5.3;3.5.3 Wedge Compression Fracture;721.4.3.5.4;3.5.4 Burst Fracture;721.4.3.5.5;3.5.5 Chance Fracture;731.4.3.6;3.6 Conclusion;741.4.3.7;References;751.4.4;4: Immunological Response to Spinal Cord Injury: Impact on the Timing of Spine Fixation;781.4.4.1;4.1 Pathophysiology of Spinal Cord Injury (SCI);781.4.4.1.1;4.1.1 Primary SCI;781.4.4.1.2;4.1.2 Secondary SCI;781.4