1;About the Authors;52;Contents;303;Contributors;334;Editorial Board ;385;Part I Instead of an Introduction The Emperors New Legs;395.1;The Emperors New Body: Seeking for a Blueprint of Limb Regeneration in Humans;405.1.1;1 Introduction: A Dream of Regeneration;415.1.2;2 Biological Aspects of Regeneration;455.1.3;3 Regeneration Mechanisms: From the Hydra to a Human Being;475.1.3.1;3.1 Morphallactic Regeneration;485.1.3.2;3.2 Epimorphic Regeneration;495.1.3.3;3.3 Regeneration by Induction;525.1.4;4 Regeneration in Nonregenerators;525.1.5;5 Regeneration as Redevelopment;555.1.6;6 Blastema Formation Versus Scarring;595.1.7;7 Spatial Patterning of Morphogenesis;635.1.8;8 Limb Tissue Differentiation;685.1.9;References;706;Part II Basics and Basic Research;756.1;Engineering the Stem Cell Niche and the Differentiative Micro- and Macroenvironment: Technologies and Tools for Applying Biochemical, Physical and Structural Stimuli and Their Effects on Stem Cells;766.1.1;1 Introduction;776.1.2;2 The Micro- and Macroenvironment;796.1.3;3 Time;816.1.4;4 Biochemical Microenvironment;816.1.5;5 Physico-chemical and Mechano-structural Axes The Macroenvironment;836.1.6;6 Physico-chemical Factors;846.1.7;7 Mechano-structural Microenvironment;866.1.8;8 Putting It All Together Making Space for Engineers in Biology;896.1.9;9 Conclusion;906.1.10;References;916.2;Differentiation Potential of Adult Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells;956.2.1;1 Introduction;966.2.2;2 The Source of Mesenchymal Stem Cells;976.2.3;3 The Isolation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells;986.2.4;4 The Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells;1006.2.5;5 Biomaterials for Three-Dimensional Scaffolds;1036.2.6;6 Biocompatibility of Scaffold Materials;1046.2.7;7 Future Aspects;1096.2.8;References;1106.3;The Potential of Selectively Cultured Adult Stem Cells Re-implanted in Tissues;1126.3.1;1 Introduction;1136.3.2;2 AdultStem Cells in Cancer;1146.3.3;3 Isolation and Characterization Methods of AdultStem Cells;1176.3.4;4 Effects of AdultStem Cell Re-implantation into Tissues;1236.3.5;5 The Dorsal Mouse-Skinfold Window Chamber Method in Stem Cell Research;1276.3.6;6 Potential Applications of AdultStem Cells in the Future;1376.3.7;References;1436.4;Enhanced Cardiac Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells by Electrical Stimulation;1516.4.1;1 Introduction;1526.4.2;2 Common Routes Toward Cardiac Differentiation of mES Cells;1546.4.3;3 Electric Stimulation of mES Cell;1576.4.4;4 Functionality of mES Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes;1636.4.5;5 Discussion and Outlook;1666.4.6;References;1696.5;The Therapeutic Potential of ES-Derived Haematopoietic Cells;1746.5.1;1 Introduction;1746.5.2;2 Pluripotent Cells;1756.5.3;3 Production of Haematopoietic Cells from ES Cells;1756.5.3.1;3.1Defining the Stages of Haematopoiesis In Vitro ;1766.5.3.2;3.2 Derivation of Transplantable ES--HSCs;1786.5.3.3;3.3 Derivation of Mature Haematopoietic Cells from ES Cells;1796.5.3.3.1;3.3.1 Macrophages;1806.5.3.3.2;3.3.2 Dendritic Cells;1806.5.3.3.3;3.3.3 Neutrophils;1806.5.3.3.4;3.3.4 Red Blood Cells;1816.5.4;4 Bioengineering and Processing;1826.5.5;5 Concluding Remarks;1826.5.6;References;1836.6;Genetic Modification of Human Embryonic and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Viral and Non-viral Approaches;1906.6.1;1 Introduction;1906.6.1.1;1.1 Non-viral Delivery Systems;1916.6.1.2;1.2 Viral Delivery Systems;1946.6.2;2 Adenovirus;1946.6.3;3 Integrating Vectors for Stem Cell Research The Use of Retroviruses and Lentiviruses in Stem Cell Genetic Modification;1976.6.4;4 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Gene Delivery Methods for Reprogramming Somatic Cells;1996.6.5;5 Conclusions;2056.6.6;References;2066.7;The Immune Barriers of Cell Therapy with Allogenic Stem Cells of Embryonic Origin;2116.7.1;1 Introduction;2126.7.2;2 Stem Cells Overview;2126.7.2.1;2.1 Embryonic Stem Cells;2146.7.2.2;2.2 Adult Stem Cells;2146.7.3;3 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell