In to days market, custom formulated surfactants are offered for a wide range of applications. The need for surfactants in detergents, cleaning agents, cosmetics & toiletries is second only to an expanding demand in industrial applications. But even within the non-industrial areas the demands have undergone significant changes in recent years. For example, washing and cleaning temperatures have substantially decreased with increased energy conservation attitudes, and more stringent regulatory requirements in the area of ecology and toxicology are leading to new product profiles. New manufacturing technologies and an increased utilization of natural raw materials also factor into this continuing evolution. These changes and trends have been described in numerous publications. However, a summary and survey of these developments is currently missing. The book presented here "Surfactants in Consumer Products" is intended to close this gap. The editor and authors dedicate this work to Dr. Dr. h.c. Konrad Henkel on the occasion of his 70th birthday. Dr. Henkel, himself a scientist and industrialist, contributed signifi cantly to developments in the surfactant field. In the nineteen-fifties, he initiated the change from soap based detergents to synthetic detergents within Henkel. At the same time, dishwashing detergents utilizing various synthetic surfactants were also developed, and became the basis for modem manual and mechanical dishwashing.

1 Historical Review

2 Structure and Application of Surfactants
2.1 Surfactant Structure and Classification
2.2 Application of Surfactants
2.2.1 Consumer Products
Detergents
Dishwashing agents
Cleaning agents
Personal products
2.2.2 Industrial Applications
Food products
Pharmaceutical industry
Insecticides and herbicides
Agriculture
Textiles and fibres
Chemical industry
Plastics industry
Paints and lacquers
Cellulose and paper
Leather and furs
Photographic industry
Metal processing
Electroplating
Adhesives
Road construction and building materials
Firefighting
Mining and flotation
Oilfield chemicals
2.3 Literature
3 Synthesis of Surfactants
3.1 Raw Materials
3.1.1 Fat Derived Chemical Raw Materials
3.1.1.1 Fatty Acids
3.1.1.2 Fatty Acid Methyl Esters
3.1.1.3 Fatty Alcohols
3.1.1.4 Fatty Amines
3.1.2 Petrochemical Raw Materials
3.1.2.1 Long-Chain Hydrocarbons
3.1.2.2 Short-Chain Hydrocarbons
3.1.2.3 Alkylene Oxides
3.1.2.4 Olefins, Fatty- and Oxo-Alcohols - by Chain-Building Reactions
3.1.2.5 Alkyl Aromatics
3.1.2.6 Amines
3.1.3 Fatty Chemical and Petrochemical Raw Materials - Contrast or Supplement?
3.2 Surfactants
3.2.1 Anionic Surfactants
3.2.1.1 General Production Technologies
3.2.1.2 Soaps
3.2.1.3 Alkylbenzene Sulfonates
3.2.1.4 Fatty Alcohol Sulfates
3.2.1.5 Alkyl Ether Sulfates
3.2.1.6 Alkane Sulfonates
3.2.1.7 Olefin Sulfonates
3.2.1.8 ?-Sulfo Fatty Acid Esters
3.2.1.9 Internal Sulfo Fatty Acid Esters
3.2.1.10 Fatty Acid Cyanamides (Amide Soaps)
3.2.1.11 Sulfo Succinic Acid Alkyl Esters
3.2.1.12 Acyl Oxyalkane Sulfonates (Fatty Acid Isethionates)
3.2.1.13 Acylamino Alkane Sulfonates (Taurides)
3.2.1.14 Ether Sulfonates
3.2.1.15 Ether Carboxylic Acids
3.2.1.16 Sarcosinates
3.2.1.17 Alkyl Phosphates and Alkyl Ether Phosphates
3.2.2 Nonionic Surfactants
3.2.2.1 Basic Properties
3.2.2.2 Polyglycol Ethers
Fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers
Alkylphenol polyglycol ethers
End group-capped fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers
Fatty acid polyglycol esters
Fatty acid alkanol amides, fatty acid alkanolamido polyglycol ethers
Ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block polymers
3.2.2.3 Polyol Surfactants
Glycerine fatty acid esters
Sorbitan esters
Sugar derived surfactants (sugar esters, alkyl glycosides)
3.2.2.4 Amine Oxides
3.2.3 Cationic Surfactants
3.2.3.1 Application Areas
3.2.3.2 Reaction Conditions
Amine salts
Quaternary ammonium compounds (quats)
3.2.3.3 Amines with one long Alkyl Group
3.2.3.4 Amines with a long ß-Hydroxyalkyl Group
3.2.3.5 Amines with Several long Alkyl Groups
3.2.3.6 Amines with Several long ß-Hydroxyalkyl Groups
3.2.4 Amphoteric Surfactants
3.2.4.1 Carboxy Amphoteric Surfactants
Alkyl betaines
Other amphoterics
3.2.4.2 Sulfo Betaines
3.2.4.3 Basic Properties
3.2.5 Biosurfactants
3.2.5.1 Structure and Synthesis
3.2.5.2 Applications
3.3 Literature
4 Interfacial and Colloidal Properties
4.1 Solubility of Surfactants
4.1.1 Krafft Point
4.1.2 Cloud Point
4.2 Interfacial Activity and Micelle Formation
4.2.1 Effect of Surfactant Constitution
4.2.2 Properties of Surfactant Mixtures
4.2.3 Oil Specificity of Interfacial Activity
4.2.4 Emulsions (HLB Values)
4.2.5 Polymeric Surfactants
4.3 Spread and Adsorbed Monolayers
4.3.1 Properties of Monolayers
4.3.2 Gibbs' Film Elasticity and Marangoni Effect
4.3.3 Surface Shear Viscosity and Surface Dilatation Viscosity
4.3.4 Foam Stability
4.4 Surfactant Aggregates
4.4.1 Thermodynamics of Micelle Formation
4.4.2 Kinetics of Micelle Formation
4.4.3 Properties of Micelles
4.4.4 Lyotropic Liquid Crystals
4.4.5 Microemulsions
4.5 Adsorption on Solid Surfaces
4.5.1 Nonpolar Solids
4.5.2 Polar Solids
4.6 Theory of Washing and Cleaning
4.6.1 General Aspects
4.6.2 Oily and Fatty Soil
4.6.3 Effect of Surfactants on Solid Soil Particles
4.6.4 Effect of