1;Dedicated to the Dear Memory of Prof. Dr. Cemil Cangir (1946-2010);6 2;Preface;8 3;Contents;10 4;Contributors;12 5;The Anthroscape Approach in Sustainable Land Use;18 5.1;1 Introduction;19 5.2;2 Materials and Methods;22 5.2.1;2.1 The Study Area;22 5.2.2;2.2 Driving Forces and Impacts of Misuse;26 5.2.3;2.3 Socio-Economy;27 5.2.4;2.4 Migration;27 5.2.5;2.5 Fragmentation;36 5.2.6;2.6 Natural Resources;37 5.2.7;2.7 Environmental Problems (Improper: - Land/Soil, and Water Use and - Crop Selection and Animal Production);37 5.2.8;2.8 Quantification of the Anthroscape;43 5.2.9;2.9 Quantification of the Carbon by NPP at the ALQCs;55 5.3;3 Results;58 5.4;4 Conclusion;60 5.5;References;65 6;Anthroscapes in the Light of the EU Soil Thematic Strategy;68 6.1;1 Introduction;68 6.2;2 The Importance of Anthroscapes Within the Soil Thematic Strategy;69 6.3;3 Some Relevant Anthroscapes in Europe;71 6.4;4 Conclusions;72 6.5;References;73 7;Soil Erosion-Desertification and the Middle Eastern Anthroscapes;74 7.1;1 Introduction;75 7.2;2 Materials and Methods;77 7.2.1;2.1 Materials;77 7.2.1.1;2.1.1 The Study Watersheds-Features, Land Use, Management and Monitoring Objectives;77 7.2.1.2;2.1.2 The Yatir Forest (Israel): Afforestation of a Semiarid Rangeland;77 7.2.1.3;2.1.3 Humret Es-Sahin Watershed (Jordan): Rangelands Rehabilitation over an Aridity Gradient;78 7.2.1.4;2.1.4 Southern Hebron Highlands (Palestinian National Authority): Promotion of Agro-Pastoral Systems Along an Aridity Gradient;80 7.2.1.5;2.1.5 Kzlöz Microcatchment (Turkey): Rehabilitation of Sylvi-Agro-Pastoral Watershed;81 7.2.1.6;2.1.6 Summary of Watersheds´ Features, Land Use, Management and Research Objectives;82 7.2.2;2.2 Methods;83 7.2.2.1;2.2.1 Precipitation;83 7.2.2.2;2.2.2 Runoff and Sediment;83 7.2.2.3;2.2.3 Soil-Erosion, Properties and Moisture;84 7.2.2.4;2.2.4 Vegetation;85 7.2.2.5;2.2.5 Trees;85 7.2.2.6;2.2.6 Non-woody (Herbaceous) Natural Vegetation;86 7.3;3 Results;87 7.3.1;3.1 Precipitation Features;88 7.3.2;3.2 Rainfall, Throughfall and Stemflow;88 7.3.3;3.3 Runoff and Sediment Discharge at the Watershed Scale;89 7.3.4;3.4 Relations Between Runoff and Rainfall;89 7.3.5;3.5 Relations Between Suspended Sediment and Runoff;91 7.3.6;3.6 Sediment Discharge in Relation to Watershed Management;94 7.3.7;3.7 Soil Erosion Through Gullying in Relations to Watershed Management;96 7.3.8;3.8 Watershed Processes at the Local Scale;96 7.3.9;3.9 Rainfall, Runoff and Sediment Deposition;97 7.3.10;3.10 Soil Cover, Runoff and Erosion;98 7.3.11;3.11 Soil Moisture Response to Soil Conservation Measures;99 7.3.12;3.12 The Effect of Afforestation on Soil Moisture;110 7.3.13;3.13 Soil Cover, Runoff, Soil Organic Matter and Soil Moisture;115 7.3.14;3.14 Vegetation;117 7.3.15;3.15 Trees;118 7.3.16;3.16 Non-woody Vegetation;120 7.3.17;3.17 Aggregate Measures of Vegetation Cover;120 7.3.18;3.18 Community Measures;127 7.4;4 Discussion and Conclusions;136 7.5;References;140 8;Soils of the Mediterranean Region, Their Characteristics, Management and Sustainable Use;142 8.1;1 Introduction;143 8.2;2 Description of Major Soils;144 8.2.1;2.1 Histosols;145 8.2.2;2.2 Anthrosols;146 8.2.3;2.3 Leptosols;147 8.2.4;2.4 Vertisols;148 8.2.5;2.5 Fluvisols;149 8.2.6;2.6 Gleysols, Solonchaks and Solonetz;149 8.2.7;2.7 Andosols;151 8.2.8;2.8 Kastanozems and Phaeozems;151 8.2.9;2.9 Umbrisols;151 8.2.10;2.10 Gypsisols, Durisols and Calcisols;152 8.2.11;2.11 Luvisols;154 8.2.12;2.12 Arenosols;154 8.2.13;2.13 Cambisols;155 8.2.14;2.14 Regosols;155 8.3;3 Soil Degradation and Soil Protection in the Mediterranean;156 8.4;4 Conclusions;157 8.5;References;158 9;Mountain Anthroscapes, the Case of the Italian Alps;160 9.1;1 Introduction;160 9.2;2 Negative Human Impacts Creating/Reshaping Anthroscapes;162 9.2.1;2.1 The Impacts of Winter Resorts: the Case of Ski Slides and Ski-Lift Facilities;162 9.2.2;2.2 The Mountain Off-Roading: A Growing Environmental Problem;164 9.2.3;2.3 Mining Dumps;166 9.2.4;2.4 Industrial and Civil S