1;Contents;6 2;Prologue;10 3;1 Introduction, Background and Aim;12 4;2 Basic Information on the Baltic Sea;32 4.1;2.1 Introduction and Aim;32 4.2;2.2 Morphometric Data and Criteria for the Vertical Layers;34 4.2.1;2.2.1 Size and Form Characteristics of the Sub-basins;37 4.2.2;2.2.2 Sediments and Bottom Dynamic Conditions;42 4.2.3;2.2.3 The Role of Land Uplift;43 4.3;2.3 Water Exchange and Water Transport in the Baltic Sea;46 4.3.1;2.3.1 Background on Mass-Balances for Salt and the Role of Salinity;46 4.3.2;2.3.2 Water Fluxes;50 4.3.3;2.3.3 Comments;53 4.4;2.4 Phosphorus Dynamics in the Baltic Sea;53 4.4.1;2.4.1 Background on CoastMab for Phosphorus and Nutrient Fluxes to the Baltic Sea;53 4.4.2;2.4.2 Why Not Model N?;56 4.4.3;2.4.3 Phosphorus Modeling in CoastMab;59 4.4.3.1;2.4.3.1 New Features in the Phosphorus Modeling;60 4.4.3.2;2.4.3.2 Empirical Data Versus Modeled Values;68 4.4.3.3;2.4.3.3 Phosphorus Fluxes;70 4.5;2.5 Production and Sedimentation of Particles CoastMab for SPM;75 4.5.1;2.5.1 Basic Structure;75 4.5.2;2.5.2 Primary Production of SPM;77 4.5.3;2.5.3 Inflow of SPM from the Sea and from Tributaries;77 4.5.4;2.5.4 Sedimentation;78 4.5.4.1;2.5.4.1 SPM Influences on Sedimentation;80 4.5.4.2;2.5.4.2 Influences of Salinity on Sedimentation;80 4.5.4.3;2.5.4.3 Influences of the Potential Turbulence on Sedimentation;81 4.5.4.4;2.5.4.4 The Resuspended Fraction and the ''Clay'' Effects;82 4.5.5;2.5.5 Resuspension;83 4.5.6;2.5.6 Mixing;85 4.5.7;2.5.7 Mineralization;86 4.5.8;2.5.8 SPM Outflow;89 4.5.9;2.5.9 The Panel of Driving Variables;89 4.5.10;2.5.10 Testing of Model Predictions;89 4.5.11;2.5.11 SPM-Fluxes and Amounts;96 4.5.12;2.5.12 Comments;100 4.6;2.6 Predicting Chlorophyll-a Concentrations;101 4.7;2.7 Predicting Water Clarity and Secchi Depth;103 4.8;2.8 Trends in Nutrient, Chlorophyll and Oxygen Concentrations;105 4.8.1;2.8.1 Background and Aim;106 4.8.2;2.8.2 Trends in Chlorophyll and Phosphorus Concentrations and the Dissolved Fraction for Phosphorus;107 4.8.3;2.8.3 Trends in Oxygen and Nitrogen Concentrations;111 4.8.4;2.8.4 Trends in Total Phosphorus and Freshwater Inflow from the Catchment;115 4.8.5;2.8.5 Comments;117 4.8.6;2.8.6 Trends in Ice Cover, Water Temperatures and Comments Related to Sediment Resuspension;119 4.8.6.1;2.8.6.1 Background;119 4.8.6.2;2.8.6.2 Ice Conditions;120 4.8.6.3;2.8.6.3 Temperatures;122 4.8.6.4;2.8.6.4 Concluding Comments;125 4.9;2.9 Background on Flora and Fauna of the Baltic Sea;127 4.9.1;2.9.1 The Fish Community;129 4.9.1.1;2.9.1.1 The Important Species and Functional Groups;132 4.10;2.10 Conclusions;138 5;3 The CoastWeb-Model Structures and Set-Up;142 5.1;3.1 Introduction and Aim;142 5.1.1;3.1.1 Key Biotic Parts and Concepts;142 5.2;3.2 A Brief Comparison with Other Foodweb Models;146 5.3;3.3 General Outline of CoastWeb;149 5.3.1;3.3.1 Basic Mathematical Structure of Each Unit;151 5.3.2;3.3.2 Primary Units;151 5.3.3;3.3.3 Secondary Production Units;160 5.3.4;3.3.4 Target Variables in CoastWeb;163 5.3.5;3.3.5 Panel of Driving Variables;166 5.4;3.4 Modified Features;166 5.4.1;3.4.1 Predictions of Normal Biomasses of the Functional Groups;167 5.4.2;3.4.2 Migration In and Out of Coastal Areas;170 5.4.3;3.4.3 Jellyfish;180 5.4.4;3.4.4 Fishing;184 5.4.5;3.4.5 Minor Modifications;185 5.5;3.5 Concluding Comments;188 6;4 Modeling of the Different Functional Groups;190 6.1;4.1 Introduction, Aim and Set-Up;190 6.2;4.2 Primary Producers;193 6.2.1;4.2.1 Phytoplankton -- Background;193 6.2.2;4.2.2 Modeling of Phytoplankton;194 6.2.3;4.2.3 Testing Modeling Results;196 6.2.3.1;4.2.3.1 Reductions in TP-Loading;197 6.2.3.2;4.2.3.2 Increasing Salt-Water Inflow;200 6.2.3.3;4.2.3.3 Temperature Scenario;202 6.2.4;4.2.4 Benthic Algae;205 6.2.4.1;4.2.4.1 Modeling of Benthic Algae;207 6.2.4.2;4.2.4.2 Testing Modeling Results;212 6.2.5;4.2.5 Macrophytes;215 6.2.5.1;4.2.5.1 Background on Macrophytes;215 6.2.5.2;4.2.5.2 Modeling of Macrophytes;216 6.2.5.3;4.2.5.3 Testing Modeling Results;219 6.3;4.3 Th