The present work aims at establishing as exhaustively as possible the math ematical, anatomical and clinical bases of the law of bone remodelling and the consequent functional bone shape and remodelling force. Another aim of this work consists of considering the applications of the law of bone re modelling not only to bone but also to many other fields of medical science and to certain questions in the natural sciences. I am indebted to the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences, whose help made the publication of this book possible. I would also like to thank the many scientists who kindly put at my disposal valuable specimens from their collections to enable me to study the law of bone remodelling: Prof. Ackermann, Halle, von Berg mann, Berlin, Billroth, Vienna, H. Fischer, Breslau, Prosector Dr. Frankel, Hamburg, Prof. Hasse, Breslau, Koenig, Gottingen, Koester, Bonn, late von Linhart, Wiirzburg, late Lucae, Frankfurt a. M. , Mihalkowitsch, Bu dapest, Rindfleisch, Wiirzburg, Roux, Innsbruck, late Dr. Theodor Simon, Hamburg, Prof. R. Virchow, Berlin, late Richard von Volkmann, Halle, Weigert, Frankfurt a. M. , and Zenker, Erlangen. Julius Wolff Contents 1 Chapter I Concept of the Law of Bone Remodelling Chapter II The Internal Architecture of Normal Bone and Its Mathematical Significance 3 1 Historical . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 The Internal Architecture of the Proximal End of the Human Femur 7 2. 1 Architecture of the Coronal Section 8 2. 2 Architecture of the Sagittal Section Sawn from the Centre of the Bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I Concept of the Law of Bone Remodelling

II The Internal Architecture of Normal Bone and Its Mathematical Significance
1 Historical
2 The Internal Architecture of the Proximal End of the Human Femur
3 The Stress Trajectories in Graphic Statics
4 Calculations of Culmann for the Crane Similar to a Femur
5 Significance of the Internal Architecture of Bone
6 Possibility of Predicting Anatomical Features Mathematically
III Remodelling of the Internal Architecture and External Shape of Bones
1 Remodelling of the Internal Architecture of Bones After Pathological Alterations of Their External Shape
2 Secondary Modifications of the External Shape of the Bone After Primary Pathological Alterations of This Shape
3 Modifications of the Architecture and Shape of Bones After Pathological Alterations of Their Static Stressing
4 Modifications in Shape of Bones After Intentional Alterations of Their Static Stressing
5 Pathological Bone Specimens and Clinical Observations Demonstrating the Remodelling of the Internal Architecture and External Shape of Bones
6 Remodelling of the Internal Architecture and External Shape of Bone by the Trophic Stimulus of Function
7 Histological Process of Bone Remodelling
IV Functional Shape of Bone
1 Previous Opinions Concerning the Reasons for the Shape of Bones
2 Critical Analysis of the Previous Opinions Concerning the Reasons for the Shape of Bones, Particularly of the "Compression Theory"
3 Basis of the Theory of the Functional Shape of Bone
4 Summary and Conclusion
V On the Remodelling Force and Its Therapeutic Use
1 The Remodelling Force in the Wide Sense of the Word
2 The Remodelling Force in a More Restricted Sense of the Word
3 The Theory of the Remodelling Force as Opposed to Previous Conceptsfor Getting Rid of Bone Deformities
4 Possibility of Predicting Therapeutic Results Mathematically
Appendix to Chapter II- V: Overall View of the Topics of Bone Theory Predictable Mathematically 87
VI Consequences Drawn from the Law of Bone Remodelling
1 Consequences of the Law of Remodelling on Bone Growth
2 Consequences of the Law of Remodelling on Fracture Healing
3 Consequences of the Law of Bone Remodelling on Rickets
4 Consequences of the Law of Bone Remodelling on the Pathogenesis and Development of Deformities
5 Consequences of the Law of Remodelling for the Treatment of Deformities
6 Consequences of the Law of Bone Remodelling on the Other Tissues of the Organism
Appendix to Section 6: The Structure of Plants and the Question of Its Remodelling
7 Consequences of the Law of Remodelling on the Metabolism
8 Consequences of the Law of Remodelling on Inflammation and Regeneration
9 The Teleological Concept of Nature in the Law of Bone Remodelling
10 The Law of Remodelling and the Theory of Mechanics
11 The Law of Remodelling and "Organ Projection"
12 Consequences of the Law of Bone Remodelling on the Theory of Heredity
References
Name and Subject Index.