This unique and attractive open access textbook combines the beauty of macroscopic pictures of plant stems with the corresponding colorfully stained images of anatomical micro-structures. In contrast to most botanical textbooks, it presents all the stem characteristics as photographs and shows the microscopic reality.

The amount of text is reduced to a minimum, and the scientific information is highlighted with short legends and labeled photographs, allowing readers to focus on the pictures to easily understand how the anatomical structures relate to genetic, ecological, decomposition and technical influences. It includes a chapter devoted to simple anatomical preparation techniques, and further chapters showing the cell content, cell walls, meristematic tissues and stem structures of all major taxonomic units and morphological growth forms in various ecological and climatic regions from subarctic to equatorial latitudes, as well as structures of fossil, subfossil and technically altered wood.

This textbook appeals to students and researchers in the fields of plant anatomy, taxonomy, ecology, dendrochronology, history, plant pathology, and evolutionary biology as well as to technologists.

<p>Introduction

Preparation techniques - Making anatomical structures visible
Morphology of the plant body
Cellular composition of the plant bodies
Structure of cell walls and cell contents
Primary, secondary and tertiary meristem
Stem anatomical structures of major taxonomic units
Evolution of stems
Anatomical adaptions to permanent changed environmental conditions
Anatomical adaptions to temporarily changed environmental conditions
Coexistence of algae, fungi and vascular plants
Wood decay
Fossilization, permineralization, coalification, carbonization and wetwood conservation
Technically altered wood products.</p>