1;Acknowledgements;5 2;Abstract;6 3;Table of Contents;7 4;List of Figures;12 5;List of Tables;14 6;List of Abbreviations;16 7;1 Introduction;17 7.1;1.1 Background and Research Context;18 7.2;1.2 Research Objective and Research Question;19 7.3;1.3 Structure of Dissertation;22 8;2 State of Research;24 8.1;2.1 Introduction;24 8.2;2.2 Innovation in General;24 8.2.1;2.2.1 Definitions of Innovation;24 8.2.2;2.2.2 Types of Innovation;26 8.3;2.3 Innovation Processes;30 8.3.1;2.3.1 Linear Processes;30 8.3.2;2.3.2 Iterative Processes;32 8.3.3;2.3.3 The Role of Uncertainty in Innovation Processes;37 8.4;2.4 The Business Model Concept;39 8.4.1;2.4.1 Definitions of the Business Model;42 8.4.2;2.4.2 Business Model vs. Strategy;45 8.4.3;2.4.3 Business Model Frameworks & Components;47 8.5;2.5 Business Model Innovation;52 8.5.1;2.5.1 Definitions of Business Model Innovation;52 8.5.2;2.5.2 Types of Business Model Innovation;54 8.5.3;2.5.3 The Business Model Innovation Process;55 8.6;2.6 Summary - State of Business Model Research;63 8.7;2.7 Research Gap;64 9;3 Methodology;66 9.1;3.1 Process Research;66 9.2;3.2 Research Design & Methods;69 9.2.1;3.2.1 Research Design & Course of Research;69 9.2.2;3.2.2 Case Study Research;73 9.2.3;3.2.3 Synergistic Use of Longitudinal and Retrospective Research;74 9.2.4;3.2.4 In-Depth Retrospective Case Studies (Organizational Level);76 9.2.5;3.2.5 Longitudinal Case Studies (Individual Level);82 9.2.6;3.2.6 Conceptual Model Development (Contextual Level);88 9.3;3.3 Summary;92 10;4 Business Model Innovation at the Organizational Level (In-Depth Retrospective Case Studies);93 10.1;4.1 Introduction;93 10.2;4.2 In-Depth Case Study I: Company A;94 10.2.1;4.2.1 Description Company A;94 10.2.2;4.2.2 The Business Model Innovation at Company A;96 10.2.3;4.2.3 Triggers;101 10.2.4;4.2.4 Impact of the New Business Model;102 10.2.5;4.2.5 Main Stages of the Business Model Innovation Process;104 10.2.6;4.2.6 Designing and Implementing a New Business Model;109 10.2.7;4.2.7 Learnings and Future Business Model Innovations;116 10.3;4.3 In-Depth Case Study II: Company B;119 10.3.1;4.3.1 Description Company B;119 10.3.2;4.3.2 The Business Model Innovations at Company B;121 10.3.3;4.3.3 Triggers of Business Model Innovations;131 10.3.4;4.3.4 The Anatomy of Developing from Product to Service;134 10.3.5;4.3.5 Experience in Business Model Innovation;149 10.4;4.4 Analytical Generalization: Cross-Case Analysis;154 10.5;4.5 Conclusion;165 11;5 Business Model Innovation at the Individual Level (Longitudinal Case Studies);167 11.1;5.1 Introduction;167 11.2;5.2 Nine Longitudinal Case Studies;167 11.3;5.3 Descriptive Data;168 11.4;5.4 A Model of Business Model Design Processes;172 11.5;5.5 Emergent Process Stage Themes;176 11.5.1;5.5.1 Information Gathering;176 11.5.2;5.5.2 Idea Casting & Construction;177 11.5.3;5.5.3 Delivery;188 11.6;5.6 Emergent Process Influencing Themes;190 11.6.1;5.6.1 Context, Collaboration & Team Composition;190 11.6.2;5.6.2 Artefacts;196 11.7;5.7 Individual Perceptions of Business Model Innovation;201 11.8;5.8 Conclusion;204 12;6 Business Model Innovation at the Contextual Level (Conceptual Model Development);206 12.1;6.1 Introduction;206 12.2;6.2 Business Model Innovation Processes & Environmental Characteristics;207 12.3;6.3 Perspectives on Business Environments;209 12.4;6.4 Scanning the Environment of Business Models;211 12.5;6.5 Conceptualizing the Environment of Business Models;212 12.5.1;6.5.1 The Business Model Environment Framework;212 12.5.2;6.5.2 The Business Model Environment Map;215 12.5.3;6.5.3 The Dimensions of the Business Model Environment;216 12.5.4;6.5.4 The Interface Business Model to Business Model Environment - Opportunities for Business Model Innovation;216 12.6;6.6 Exemplary Application of the BME Framework;223 12.7;6.7 Conclusion;227 13;7 Summary & Discussion;230 13.1;7.1 Theoretical Implications;231 13.1.1;7.1.1 Theoretical Implications at the Organizational Level;231 13.1.2;7.1.2 Theoretical I