This extensively revised edition is an essential reference for physicians involved in the diagnosis, referral and treatment of the thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS). TOS is made up of a constellation of problems resulting from pathology at the thoracic outlet in the neck. Busy specialty practice sees multiple affected patients in every clinic, but TOS can often be difficult to diagnosis.

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome explores all possible ancillary care issues surrounding this complex condition, including rehabilitation, disability, natural history and medicolegal issues, and aims to stimulate research, discussion and a sense of community between professionals involved in this area. Vascular and thoracic surgeons, neurosurgeons, neurologists, psychiatrists and psychologists, physical therapists, occupational medicine specialists and pain specialists will find this book a must read for successful treatment, referral and diagnosis of TOS in clinical practice.

A Brief History of the Thoracic Outlet Compression Syndromes

Embryology of the Thoracic Outlet
Evolutionary and developmental issues of cervical ribs/ Evolutionary issues of cervical ribs
Anatomy of the thoracic outlet and related structures
TOC: Clinical incidence and Scope of the Problem
Pathology and Pathophysiology of NTOS
NTOS for the Primary Care Team: When to Consider the Diagnosis?
Diagnosis Of Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome:2016 Consensus Guidelines And Other Strategies
Differential diagnosis in Patients with possible NTOS
Increasing objectivity in the diagnosis of NTOS: The East-meter
A closer look at QuickDASH and CBSQ: what do they tell us?
Scalene Test Blocks in patients with possible Neurogenic TOS
Electrophysiological Assessment and Nerve Function in NTOS
Pectoralis Minor Syndrome
Double Crush Syndrome
Unusual Nerve Entrapments and Neuropathic Syndromes of the Neck and Shoulder
Cross-sectional imaging in thoracic outlet syndrome.-Ergonomic, Postural Issues, and Repetitive Stress Issues in NTOS
Psychiatric and psychologic issues in NTOS
Pathways Of Care And Treatment Options For Patients With Neurogenic Tos
Physical Therapy as Primary Treatment for Neurogenic TOS
Chiropractic and Nontraditional Treatment of NTOS
Anesthesia For Thoracic Outlet Decompression
Regional anesthesia for thoracic outlet decompression
Surgical Techniques: Operative Decompression Using the Transaxillary Approach for NTOS'
Surgical Techniques: Operative Decompression Using The Supraclavicular Approach For Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Surgical Techniques: Operative Decompression Using Thoracoscopic Approach for Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome.-  Surgical Techniques: Pectoralis Minor Tenotomy for NTOS
Surgical Techniques: Dorsal Cervico-Thoracic Sympathectomy
Botulinim Toxin Injection and Advanced Interventional Techniques for NTOS and Cervical Brachial Syndrome
Ntos In The Competitive Athlete
Neurogenic TOS in Children
Recurrent and Residual Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Controversies in NTOS: What testing is needed to establish the diagnosis?
Botulinum Toxin Injections for Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
What do the results of conservative therapy tell us about the need for surgery:Lack of Improvement means surgery is indicated
Point/Counterpoint: What does the result of conservative therapy tell us about the need for surgery?    Improvement means surgery is indicated
Controversies in NTOS: Transaxillary or Supraclavicular First Rib Resection in NTOS? Arguments Pro and Con the Transaxillary approach In Favor of Transaxillary First Rib resection
Point/Counterpoint: Supraclavicular Decompression Is The Best Approach For Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Does the first rib always need to be removed?
Controversies in NTOS: What is the evidence supporting brachial plexus neurolysis and wrapping
Neurogenic Tos: Early Postoperative Care.-Perioperative Pain Management for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Surgery
Rehabilitation after First Rib Resection
Outcomes After Treatment of NTOS
Management of Nerve Dysfunction after First Rib Resection
Management of Coexisting Factors Complicating NTOS
Treatment for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome - A UK Perspective
Neurogenic TOS in the United Kingdom: A Consultant Orthopaedic Physiotherapist's view
Diagnosis and treatment of thoracic outlet syndrome in The Netherlands.-Research Directions in Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Anatomy and Pathophysiology of Venous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Diagnosis of VTOS: 2016 Consensus guidelines
Imaging in VTOS
VTOS for the PCP- When to Consider the Diagnosis
Hypercoagulable Conditions and VTOS
VTOS in the Competitive Athlete
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome in Hemodialysis Patients
Differential Diagnosis, Decision-Making, and Pathways of Care: Acute Thrombosis and Non-thrombotic Positional compression
Management Of Chronic VenousThoracic Outlet Syndrome
Conservative (Non-Operative) Treatment of VTOS
Thrombolysis and Balloon Venoplasty for Subclavian Vein Thrombosis
Surgical Techniques: Operative Decompression Using the Transaxillary Approach for Venous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Surgical Techniques: Operative Decompression Using the Infraclavicular Approach for VTOS with Intraoperative Venography
Surgical Techniques: Operative Decompression Using The Paraclavicular Approach For Venous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
The Robotic Transthoracic Approach for Venous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Medial Claviculectomy for VTOS
Advanced Surgical Techniques in Venous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Point/Counterpoint: Is Thrombolysis Always Required in patients with effort thrombosis? b) NO - it is not always indicated
Management of Residual Stenosis after thrombolysis
First Rib Resection is always needed after thrombolysis
Controversies in VTOS: Is thrombolysis alone sufficient treatment for VTOS?: YES
Controversies in venous thoracic outlet syndrome: timing of first rib resection after thrombolysis
Controversies in VTOS: What Is the Best Approach for VTOS?
Controversies in VTOS: What Is the Best Approach to the First Rib in VTOS?
Point/Counterpoint: Paraclavicular Decompression Is The Best Approach For Venous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Controversies in Venous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: Is There a Role for Venous Stents?
Venous Tos: Early Postoperative Care
Controversies in VTOS: How Long Should Anticoagulation Be Used in VTOS?
VTOS: Management of the contralateral side and asymptomatic compression
Outcomes After Treatment of VTOS
Assessment and treatment of recurrent Venous thoracic outlet syndrome
Anatomy and Pathophysiology of ATOS
Clinical Presentation and Patient Evaluation in ATOS
ATOS Consensus Guidelines
The axillary artery and humeral head in ATOS
Quadrilateral Space Syndrome
Arterial Thoracic Outlet Syndrome In The Competitive Athlete
Decision-Making andPathways of Care for ATOS
Surgical Techniques: Endovascular Intervention for Arterial Thoracic outlet Syndrome
Axillosubclavian Artery Repair and Reconstruction
Upper Extremity Fasciotomy After Arterial Embolization
Quadrilateral Space Syndrome and Management of the Posterior Circumflex Humeral Artery
Management Of Digital Emboli, Vasospasm, And Ischemia
Outcomes After Treatment of Arterial Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Recurrent and residual ATOS
Medicolegal Issues in TOS
Disability  and Workers' Compensation Issues in TOS
Special Considerations in the Elite High Profile Athlete
Combined and Secondary Forms of TOS
TOS: The Perspective of the Patient
Venous TOS: The Perspective of the Patient
TOS, the Internet and Social Media
Establishing a TOS-Focused Practice.