Performing a surgical operation could be compared to na- gating inside the human body. Two essential requirements are necessary for a successful apprenticeship: ? A perfect understanding of the roadmap, the anatomy ? Regular training with expert surgeon teachers showing str- egies, tactics, manoeuvres, and gestures to make the journey safe, efficient and fast For decades this was the way taken by apprentice-surgeons and also by surgeons already in practice concerned about upd- ing their knowledge. For years their only travelling companions were books, drawings, and pictures. However, printed medium cannot satisfactorily and properly reproduce the movements of a manoeuvring surgeon. In open surgery, only the two first - sistants can precisely capture by direct vision what is happ- ing in the depth of the operating field. Therefore, the duration of apprenticeship is long and restricted to a small number of people per teacher. The introduction of movie cameras into the operating rooms improved the quality of surgical education. But filming in open surgery is not so easy. The cameraperson has to be well trained to catch good takes in the depth of a pit between the heads, shoulders, and fingers of the surgeon and assistants. Most of the time, those constraints disturb the op- ator's manoeuvres, altering their pedagogical value. With the introduction of laparoscopic surgery (LS), using a video camera providing images in real time on a television screen, everything changed.

Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Procedures

Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
Laparoscopic Common Bile Duct Surgery
Laparoscopic Fundoplication for GERD: Laparoscopic Nissen and Toupet Fundoplication
Laparoscopic Gastric Banding for Morbid Obesity
Laparoscopic Heller Esophagomyotomy for Achalazia
Laparoscopic Splenectomy
Colorectal Procedures
Laparoscopic Appendectomy
Laparoscopic Left Colectomy
Laparoscopic Right Colectomy
Laparoscopic Total Colectomy
Laparoscopic Rectopexy for Rectal Prolapse
Inguinal Hernia and Retroperitoneal Procedures
Totally Extraperitoneal Approach (TEPA) for Laparoscopic Hernia Repair
Laparoscopic Right Adrenalectomy
Laparoscopic Left Adrenalectomy
Procedures for Pelvic Floor Disorders
Laparoscopic Posterior Colpopexy
Laparoscopic Anterior Colpopexy
Laparoscopic Burch Colposuspension.