1;Preface;6 2;Contents;7 3;History of Tobacco;14 3.1;1.1 Tobacco Plants and Their Origin;14 3.2;1.2 Use of Tobacco for Religious Purposes;14 3.3;1.3 The Appropriation of Tobacco by Europeans;15 3.4;1.4 Worldwide Spread of Tobacco;16 3.4.1;1.4.1 Development of the Cigar;18 3.4.2;1.4.2 Development of the Cigarette;18 3.5;1.5 Objections to Smoking on Health Grounds;20 3.6;1.6 Women Won Over by the Cigarette;21 3.7;1.7 The Medical Use of Tobacco in the Nineteenth Century;25 3.8;1.8 Tobacco Research in the Twentieth Century;25 3.9;1.9 Concluding Remarks;27 4;Epidemiology of Tobacco Dependence;30 4.1;2.1 Tobacco Consumption in the Twentieth Century;31 4.2;2.2 Cigarette Smoking in the USA Since 1965;32 4.3;2.3 Smoking Habits in Germany;33 4.4;2.4 Cigarette-Related Mortality in Different Countries;35 4.5;2.5 Other Forms of Tobacco Use;38 4.6;2.6 Smokers and Other Risk Factors;40 4.7;2.7 Smoking Behaviour and Educational Level in the EU;41 4.8;2.8 Concluding Remarks;43 5;Tobacco Constituents and Additives;47 5.1;3.1 Non-Disclosure of Findings by the Tobacco Industry;47 5.2;3.2 Constituents of..Tobacco;48 5.3;3.3 Nicotine and Dependence;52 5.3.1;3.3.1 The Cigarette as a Vehicle for Nicotine Release;53 5.3.2;3.3.2 Modifications of Nicotine Release;53 5.3.3;3.3.3 Maintaining Nicotine Dependence;54 5.3.4;3.3.4 Marketing of Cigarettes with a "Reduced" Health Risk;55 5.3.5;3.3.5 Compensatory Behaviour by Smokers;55 5.3.6;3.3.6 Optimising Nicotine Release;56 5.3.7;3.3.7 Importance of Absorption Rate;57 5.3.8;3.3.8 Ammonium and pH Manipulation;57 5.4;3.4 Tobacco Additives;58 5.5;3.5 Cigarettes with Reduced Tar Yield;60 5.6;3.6 Snuff Tobacco;62 5.7;Box 3.1;63 5.8;Box 3.2;63 5.9;Box 3.3 Non-volatile nitrosamines in tobacco: NSAR N-nitrosarcosine; NMPA 3-(N-nitroso-N-methylamino)-propionic acid;64 5.10;3.7 Concluding Remarks;67 6;Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics of Nicotine;73 6.1;Box 4.1...Compounds with nAChR-agonistic efficacy: cytisine, epibatidine, anatoxin A, lobeline;73 6.2;4.1 The Nicotine Receptor;73 6.3;4.2 Agonists and Antagonists of the nAChR and its Subtypes;77 6.4;Box 4.2...Compounds with nAChR-antagonistic efficacy: mecamylamine, d-tubocurarine;78 6.5;4.3 Pharmacology;78 6.5.1;4.3.1 Effects of Nicotine on Receptors in Different Organs;78 6.5.2;4.3.2 Organ Effects and Toxicity;79 6.5.3;4.3.3 Metabolic and Hormonal Effects of Nicotine;80 6.5.4;4.3.4 Central Nervous System Effects of Nicotine;80 6.6;4.4 Pharmacokinetics of Nicotine;81 6.7;4.5 Nicotine Dependence;85 6.7.1;4.5.1 Types of Dependence;85 6.7.2;4.5.2 Molecular Biological Aspects of Dependence;87 6.7.3;4.5.3 Genetic Aspects;89 6.7.4;4.5.4 Withdrawal Symptoms;91 6.8;4.6 Concluding Remarks;92 7;Smoking and Lung Disease;99 7.1;5.1 Immunological Reactions Caused by Cigarette Smoking;99 7.2;5.2 Cigarette Smoking and Lung Cancer;100 7.2.1;5.2.1 Association Between Smoking and Lung Cancer;102 7.2.2;5.2.2 Types of Lung Cancer;103 7.2.3;5.2.3 Genetic Factors That Increase the Risk for Bronchial Carcinoma;105 7.2.3.1;5.2.3.1 Tobacco-Specific Carcinogens;105 7.2.3.2;5.2.3.2 The Cytochrome P450 and GST System and Carcinogenesis;106 7.2.3.3;5.2.3.3 Peptide Receptors, a1-Antitrypsin and Carcinogenesis;109 7.2.3.4;5.2.3.4 Exogenous Factors and Lung Cancer;110 7.3;5.3 Cigarette Smoking and COPD;111 7.3.1;5.3.1 Pathophysiology of COPD;112 7.3.2;5.3.2 Important Risk Factors for COPD;114 7.3.2.1;5.3.2.1 Genetic Factors;114 7.3.2.2;5.3.2.2 Occupational and Environmental Factors;114 7.4;5.4 Cigarette Smoking and Bronchial Asthma;115 7.4.1;5.4.1 Caveats Concerning the Informative Value of Studies;115 7.4.2;5.4.2 Cigarette Smoking and Bronchial Asthma in Adults;115 7.4.3;5.4.3 Bronchial Asthma in Children;116 7.5;5.5 Bronchitis and Pneumonia;118 7.6;5.6 Other Lung Diseases Influenced by Cigarette Smoking;119 7.7;5.7 Concluding Remarks;119 8;Cardiovascular Disease, Disturbances of Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis;131 8.1;6.1 Coronary Artery Disease and Myocardial Infarction;131 8.2;6.2 Syst