1;Preface;5 2;Contents;7 3;Contributors;9 4;Measurement principles for traceability in chemical analysis;12 5;Protocols for traceability in chemical analysis - Part I: Definitions and terminology;23 6;Protocols for traceability in chemical analysis - Part II: Design and use;35 7;Metrological traceability in laboratory medicine;40 8;Traceability and analytical chemistry;47 9;Do interlaboratory comparisons provide traceability?;56 10;From total allowable error via metrological traceability to uncertainty of measurement of the unbiased result;61 11;Practical considerations on the traceability to conventional scales;66 12;Traceability of (values carried by) reference materials;75 13;What can we learn from traceability in physical measurements?;81 14;How to achieve international comparability for chemical measurements;85 15;The key elements of traceability in chemical measurement: agreed or still under debate?;90 16;The practical realization of the traceability of chemical measurements standards;96 17;Link to the SI via primary direct methods;104 18;The role of reference materials;108 19;The measurement assurance concept in calibration and traceability at NBS/NIST;113 20;Lifetime of the traceability chain in chemical measurement;116 21;Proficiency evaluation as a traceability link in chemical metrology;120 22;Achieving traceability in chemical measurement - a metrological approach to proficiency testing;125 23;Traceability issues in measurement;132 24;Comparative study of the presentations at the CCQM workshop on traceability;136 25;Traceability in laboratory medicine;139 26;Testing for foods derived from modern biotechnology: opportunities and limitations for metrology;145 27;A national traceability system for chemical measurements;152 28;Establishing measurement traceability in clinical chemistry;158 29;Clinical Laboratory Reference Networks;171 30;One way of disseminating reference values with demonstrated traceability and demonstrated uncertainty to field laboratories: IMEP;177 31;Implementation of traceability - needs and perspective of the in-vitro-diagnosticum industry;186 32;Improvements in efficiency of production and traceability for certification of reference materials;188 33;Traceable measurements in clinical laboratories;195 34;A traceability protocol to the SI by gravimetric analysis;203 35;Reference samples for analysis of gas impurities in aluminium and titanium alloys: Features of production, certification and usage to ensure traceability of results;206 36;The use of certified reference materials in the Romanian traceability scheme;210 37;Traceable measurements of pH;217 38;The development of gas standards and calibration techniques for measurements of vehicle, aircraft and industrial emissions, natural gas, occupational exposure and air quality;223 39;Problems of traceability of total protein and catecholamine determinations in human urine;233 40;Traceability in routine chemical measurements: an example of application in the determination of CO2 at atmospheric concentration;237 41;Traceability of measurement results of the effective acquisition time in gamma-ray spectrometry implemented by the pulser method;241 42;Practical ways in establishing traceability in chemical and other measurements in Mexico;250 43;Benefits of the implementation of a metrological structure for water analyses;256 44;Validation steps for traceability of linear calibrated chemical measurements;264 45;Traceability, is it what we really want in our chemical measurements?;270 46;On the existence of primary methods of measurement;273 47;Traceability and uncertainty - A comparison of their application in chemical and physical measurement;275 48;Traceability and its role in interlaboratorycomparisons (proficiency testing programmes), modeled on trace element determination in biological materials;278 49;Traceable property values of in-house reference materials;280 50;Primary reference materials and traceability chain for gas composition;283 51;Tra