The 2^nd edition of this book incorporates the tremendous clinical advances that have occurred in the field of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the past 5 years. Since the 1^st edition was published, the clinical use of tDCS has moved from its infancy, and is now in a thrilling new phase with numerous possibilities as well as challenges.

tDCS is a technique that excels in terms of safety and tolerability, and within a few years, novel technological developments will allow its use at home. At the same time, large, phase III trials have been exploring the clinical efficacy of tDCS, the results of which have been published in leading journals such as the New England Journal of Medicine and JAMA Psychiatry.

This 2^nd edition summarizes the state of the art of the field. Written by leading experts in the field, the book is divided into 5 parts: Introduction and Mechanisms of Action; Research Methods; tDCS in the life cycle; Applications of tDCS in neuropsychiatric disorders (further divided into Psychiatry and Neurology); and The clinical use of tDCS.

It also includes several new chapters, covering topics such as precision stimulation of tDCS; combination of tDCS with different neuroimaging modalities; and use of tDCS in new clinical conditions. Moreover, all chapters have been rewritten and updated.

This book will be of significant interest to psychiatrists, neurologists and neuroscientists new to the field as well as those with a background in tDCS who want to increase their understanding of particular psychiatric conditions.

Part I. Introduction and mechanisms of action

Chapter 1. Historical aspects of transcranial electric stimulation
Chapter 2. Basic mechanisms of transcranial alternating current and random noise stimulation
Chapter 3. Physiology of transcranial direct and alternating current stimulation
Chapter 4. Animal Models of tES: Methods, Techniques and Safety
Chapter 5. Animal Studies on the Mechanisms of Low-Intensity Transcranial Electric Stimulation
Part II. Research Methods
Chapter 6. TMS-evoked EEG Response in Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Chapter 7. Multimodal Association of tDCS with Electroencephalography
Chapter 8. tDCS and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Chapter 9. tDCS and Functional Connectivity
Chapter 10. The value of neuroimaging for treating depression with brain stimulation
Chapter 11. Target Engagement with Transcranial Current Stimulation
Chapter 12. Cerebellar and Spinal tDCS
Chapter 13. Precision targeting of neural networks with tDCS informed by brain mapping
Chapter 14. Clinical research and methodological aspects for tDCS research
Part III. TDCS in the life cycle
Chapter 15. tDCS in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
Chapter 16. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in the perinatal period
Chapter 17. Modulating Cognition in Healthy Young Adults with tDCS
Chapter 18. tDCS in exercise, sport performance and recovery process
Chapter 19. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Social and Emotion Research
Chapter 20. Neurodegenerative cognitive disorders
Part IV. Applications of tDCS in neuropsychiatric disorders
Chapter 21. Mood disorders: clinical results
Chapter 22. Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on hallucinations in patients with Schizophrenia
Chapter 23. Schizophrenia: Negative Symptoms
Chapter 24. OCD, Anxiety Disorders, and PTSD
Chapter 25. Cognitive functions in substance-related and addictive disorders
Chapter 26. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Substance Use Disorders
Chapter 27. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Chapter 28. Cognitive effects of transcranial direct current stimulation in clinical trials
Chapter 29. Epilepsy
Chapter 30. Pain syndromes
Chapter 31. Transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of tinnitus
Chapter 32. Transcranial direct current stimulation in disorders of consciousness
Chapter 33. TDCS in the Context of Rehabilitation
Part V. The clinical use of tDCS
Chapter 34. Safety and tolerability
Chapter 35. Home-based tDCS: applications and approaches, design, feasibility and safety
Chapter 36. Ethical Aspects of tDCS Use in Neuropsychiatry and the Risk of Misuse
Chapter 37. tDCS-Pharmacotherapy interactions
Chapter 38. Combination of tDCS with Psychotherapy and Neurobehavioral Interventions: Systematic Review and Mechanistic Principles for Future Clinical Trials
Chapter 39. Regulatory aspects.