Written by many scientists and clinicians from China, USA, Canada and other countries, this monograph discusses translational research on acupuncture. Besides general topics on acupuncture practice (e.g., different styles and techniques of acupuncture), topics include some refractory diseases such as chronic fatigue syndrome, Parkinson's disease, cardiovascular dysfunction, chronic pain, post-concussion syndrome and post-traumatic stress disorder and cancer-related symptoms. The factors influencing acupuncture research are comprehensively addressed in the final chapter. This unique book provides a translational perspective on modern acupuncture for not only acupuncturists, but also neuroscientists, neurologists, and other clinicians. For medical students and undergraduate and graduate students majoring in biology, this book is an advanced course for learning the progress in alternative and complementary Medicine. 

Ying Xia is a Fudan Distinguished Professor at Fudan University and the Executive Director of Shanghai Key Laboratory of Acupuncture Mechanism and Acupoint Function in Shanghai, China. He obtained his medical training at Soochow Medical College, China. After being a clinical physician for almost 4 years, he pursued his graduate study and obtained a Master Degree of Medicine and a Doctoral Degree of Medical Science (Ph.D.) in Neurobiology and Integrative Medicine at Shanghai Medical University (now Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University), China. He was then appointed as a lecturer of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology there. Dr. Xia joined Yale University School of Medicine in 1988 for his postdoctoral training and initiated his laboratory at Yale in 1994. During his 22-year academic career at Yale University School of Medicine, he was appointed as a faculty member in 1993 and promoted to Associate Professor in 2002. From May 2010 to August 2016, he worked at the University of Texas Medical School at Houston (now the University of Texas McGovern Medical School) and the University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston as a Full Professor, Chairman of Research & Promotion Committee and Vice-Chairman for Research in the Department of Neurosurgery. He was recruited by Fudan University in September 2016.

Dr. Xia's early research focused on cardiovascular regulation, interactive modulation of endogenous opioids and other neurotransmitters, and the mechanism of acupuncture. His laboratory currently investigates neural functions of the delta-opioid receptor, neuroprotection against ischemic/hypoxic injury, Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders and acupuncture effects on neurological diseases (e.g., stroke, epilepsy, and hypoxic encephalopathy).

His research has been consecutively supported by NIH, America Heart Association, March of Dimes Foundation, Cerebral Palsy Foundation, The Vivian L. Smith Neurologic Foundation, Memorial Hermann Foundation, Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality and the National Natural Science Foundation of China since 1994.

1;Preface;5 2;Acknowledgements;7 3;Contents;8 4;About the Editor;10 5;Introduction;12 6;Acupuncture: A Therapeutic Modality, But not a Placebo;13 6.1;1 Introduction;14 6.2;2 Acupuncture Treatment for Clinical Conditions in Which the Patients Were Without Consciousness;14 6.2.1;2.1 Treatment of Coma with Acupuncture;14 6.2.2;2.2 Treatment of Shock with Acupuncture;16 6.2.3;2.3 Treatment of Persistent Vegetative State by Acupuncture;18 6.2.4;2.4 Acupuncture Used Before or During Anesthesia;20 6.2.5;2.5 Acupuncture Started After General Anesthesia;27 6.2.6;2.6 Delayed Wake-Up After General Anesthesia;28 6.2.7;2.7 Anesthesia in Shock Patients;29 6.2.8;2.8 Dementia Treatment by Acupuncture;33 6.3;3 Different Healing Effect with Different Acupuncture Techniques;36 6.3.1;3.1 Different Acupuncture Points;36 6.3.2;3.2 Between Acupuncture Points and Non-points;39 6.3.3;3.3 Between Different Acupuncture Techniques;41 6.4;4 More Examples that Acupuncture is not a Placebo;43 6.4.1;4.1 Acupuncture in children;43 6.4.2;4.2 Acupuncture on Animals;44 6.5;5 Effect of Placebo Effect on Subjective or Objective Index of Healing Effect;49 6.5.1;5.1 Effect on Continuous Parameter and Binary Parameter;49 6.5.2;5.2 Effect on Physical Parameters and Biochemical Parameters;51 6.5.3;5.3 Cure or Not;52 6.5.4;5.4 Brain Imaging Study;54 6.5.5;5.5 Peripheral (Autonomic) Effects of Acupuncture Versus Control Acupuncture;55 6.6;6 Why People Say That Acupuncture has a Placebo Effect;56 6.6.1;6.1 Narrow Deference Between the Acupuncture and the Control Group;56 6.6.2;6.2 No Significant Difference Between Various Study Groups and Control Groups;59 6.6.3;6.3 Improper Way to Calculate Specific Healing Effect in Acupuncture;60 6.6.4;6.4 Improper Select of Acupuncture Points;60 6.6.5;6.5 Study on Non-dominated Disease for Acupuncture;61 6.6.6;6.6 Confusion in the Healing Effect of Various Other Therapies as that of Acupuncture;61 6.6.7;6.7 Superstitious Belief on Large Scale Experiments;63 6.6.8;6.8 Co-exit of Opposite Ways in Acupuncture Treatment;63 6.6.9;6.9 Not Care or Omit Large Amount of Positive Results;64 6.7;7 Conclusions and Perspectives;64 6.8;References;66 7;Acupuncture Styles in Current Practice;87 7.1;1 Classification of Acupuncture Styles;88 7.1.1;1.1 Meridian-Based Whole Body Acupuncture Group;88 7.1.2;1.2 Acupuncture Styles Only Partly Following Traditional Meridian;116 7.1.3;1.3 Local Acupuncture Style (????);124 7.1.4;1.4 Local Acupuncture Styles for Local Diseases;158 7.2;2 Characteristics of Current Acupuncture Styles;160 7.2.1;2.1 Acupuncture Points to Be Stimulated;160 7.2.2;2.2 Diagnosis Directing the Selection of the Acupuncture Point;162 7.2.3;2.3 Steady Point Versus Dynamic Points;162 7.2.4;2.4 Accuracy of Acupuncture Points;163 7.2.5;2.5 Depth of Needle Insertion;163 7.2.6;2.6 Intensity of Treatment Stimulation;163 7.2.7;2.7 Healing Efficiency of Acupuncture Styles;164 7.2.8;2.8 Whole Body Acupuncture Versus Local Acupuncture;164 7.3;3 Acupuncture Research;165 7.4;4 Conclusion;167 7.5;References;168 8;Acupuncture Treatment for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome;176 8.1;1 Introduction;177 8.2;2 Clinical Symptoms of CFS;178 8.2.1;2.1 Fatigue;178 8.2.2;2.2 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome;179 8.3;3 Diagnosis of CFS;179 8.3.1;3.1 Diagnostic Criteria of US CDC in 1988;179 8.3.2;3.2 Diagnostic Criteria of US CDC in 1994;181 8.3.3;3.3 Diagnostic Criteria in Other Countries;182 8.3.4;3.4 Current Diagnostic Criteria;184 8.3.5;3.5 The Diagnosis Model of CFS;185 8.4;4 Epidemiology;186 8.5;5 Etiology and Pathogenesis;188 8.5.1;5.1 Stress Factors;188 8.5.2;5.2 Infection;189 8.5.3;5.3 Abnormities in the Immune System;189 8.5.4;5.4 Abnormalities in the Nervous and Endocrine Systems;189 8.5.5;5.5 Psychological and Social Factors;190 8.5.6;5.6 Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders;190 8.5.7;5.7 Heredity;191 8.5.8;5.8 Allergic Factors;191 8.5.9;5.9 Other Factors;191 8.6;6 CFS Treatment;191 8.6.1;6.1 Acupuncture Treatments;192 8.6.2;6.2 Moxibustion;199 8.6.3;6.3 Cupping;201 8.6